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g, iii) the material to be learnt is broken down into very small units or stages, iv) each step logically builds upon those that have preceded it, v) the trainee is given immediate knowledge of results for each answer he gives, and vi) there is active participation by the learner at each step of the programme. The programmed instructions include elaborate teaching machines, films, sound tapes, programmed books, illustrations, printed material, diagrams etc. The core feature of programmed instructions is participation by the trainee and immediate feedback to him.

Vocational Guidance: Vocational guidance is a facilitative process, in which an expert advises individual employees about the type of jobs, and careers most suitable for them taking into consideration their interests, aptitudes and abilities and the available or likely to be available job/position opportunities in the organization or employment market. The expert is called vocational and career counselor. In a working organization he guides new employees in the selection of the right assignment for placement. He also guides existing employees in the selection of their career goals and progression paths. Vocational guidance involves the following steps: i) collection of information from the candidate and his parents regarding the person’s past history, ii) securing information about the candidate’s aptitudes and interests through various psychological tests, and of his occupational abilities and skills through various trade tests iii) Making an opinion about the candidate’s talent, interests and potential, iv) Matching the candidate’s capabilities with various jobs/positions available or likely to be available in the organization v) Giving vocational advice and guidance to the candidate how he can benefit.

Case Study Method: It is a written description of an actual situation in business which provokes, in the reader, the need to decide what is going on, what the situation really is, or what the problems are, and what can and should be done. Taken from actual experience of organizations, these cases represent attempts to describe, as accurately as possible, real problems that managers face. Trainees study the cases to determine problems, analyze causes, develop alternative solutions, select the best and workable, and debate and defend their choices. Case study can provide stimulating discussions among participants, as well as excellent opportunities for individuals to develop their analytical and judgmental abilities. It appears to be an ideal method to promote decision-making abilities within the constraints of limited data. Cases are usually organized around one or more problems or issues that are confronted by an organization. They are meant to illustrate problematic issues, rather than to portray success stories.

The main advantages of case study method are: a) It allows participative discussion, b) when cases are meaningful and similar to work related situations, there is immediate learning transference, c) it improves participants’ analytical, decision-making and problem solving skills, d) it brings home to the participant that nothing is absolutely right or wrong in the field of human behaviour.

Simulation: It is an approach that replicates certain important characteristics of the real world situations so that the trainees can react to them as if it本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。