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fied autonomous Learner should have thecapacity to take charge of the whole process independently.It offers us much insight as how to be an autonomous learner and what procedurelearners performs. However, it is clear that Holce didn’t take the following factorsinto consideration, learners’ motivation, attitudes, learning at spheres and auditions,which are considered to be vital elements for autonomous learning. It implies that hisdefinition neglects the psychological factors which should be involved in thedevelopment of autonomy.Little holds that “autonomous learning is not extensively or even primarily amatter of how learning is organized.” “Actually autonomy in a capacity-fordetachment, critical reflection, decision-making and independent action. Itpresupposes, but also entails that the learner will develop a particular kind ofpsychological relation to the process and content of his learning ” . It is self-evidentthat little adds an important psychological dimension to the autonomy and can serveas complementary to Holec’s understanding. Little’s definition provides as with moreimplications and lead us to a new research level concerning autonomous learning.There is no doubt that both Holec’s and little’s interpretation of autonomyseparately has its own merits and drawbacks. They both give the essence of the term,later scholar and researches drew much illumination and absorbed the essences oftheir own understanding . But there exist weak points in their understanding, thelearning environment is not mentioned and learning materials should be selectedfreely by the learners.Benson prefers to use the word “control” to define autonomy instead of “charge”or “responsibility”. In his opinion, autonomy is the ability to take control of one’s ownlearning. That is, the ability of self-management is considered to be an importantfactor in autonomous learning. To understand the term more deeply, it is allowed thatdifferent focuses co-exist in the interpretation of the term. According to Benson, atleast three interdependent levels of control should be involved in the practice of theautonomous learning, the management of learning, cognitive processes, and thecontents of the learning.Precisely speaking, Benson’s interpretation of autonomy has at least five points,they are as followes,1) For situations in which learners study entirely on their own.2 )For a set of skills which can be applied in autonomous learning.3) For an innate ability which is suppressed by institutional education.4) For the exercises of learners’ responsibility for their own leaning.5) For the rights of owners to determine the orientation of their own learning.After reviewing the above definitions, we may find that they either considerautonomy as a kind of ability or as an action. No matter which aspect of autonomy isemphasized, we have to admit that there exists no absolute autonomy in classroomeducation. And it is hard for Senior High School students to be totally independent

1.2 A survey of autonomous learning studies at home在家自主学习研究的调查
Autonomous learning has gone through a process of start, development andprosperity since its introduction into China. It is not until the end of 1990s that dueattention has been paid to autonomy. An increasing number of scholars andresearchers at home put autonomy as the focus of their study. Afterwards, a greatamount of articles concerned with autonomous learning have been published in theacademic journals. 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。