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bundles can predict that in L2 or FL students' writing to some degree.Some pedagogical implications can be given: The findings of the structural outputare benefit for teachers to do some training deliberately in teaching. The research revealsthat L2 and FL students have the similar likes and dislikes in the structural output. Forexample, target bundles are easiest to output for both L2 and FL learners with thestructure of noun! prepositional phrase with embedded of-phrase fragment，verbal phrasewith embedded copula be, prepositional phrase fragment beginning with in, and as well as. At the same time, it is hardest to output the clauses, except for adverbial clausefragment. In addition, structures that are hard to output are listed as follows, such as,to-clause fragment beginning with ‘seem，or 'appear \ copula be noun phrase/adjective/prepositional phrase, anticipatory it + verb phrase/adjective phrase, prepositionalbundles initiated by ‘in，，prepositional bundles embedded the structure of adverb +preposition, nominal bundles expressing the meaning of uncertain quantity, nominalbundles with adjectival possessive pronouns, noun phrases with other post-modifierfragments, such as appositive clause^ relative clause, adverbial clause or prepositionalphrase fragment.

References
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