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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Development of autonomous learning
The concept of autonomy has evolved over time. Since 1970s when it was introduced tosecond language pedagogy by Henri Holec (1981), the concept of autonomy has finally found aplace in the mainstream of education. At the same time, considerable controversy has beensparked by the term autonomy. There are some difficulties for defining what autonomy really is.First, various definitions have been put forward by scholars in different ways. Second, ascontinuous discussions and exploring of autonomy proceed, definitions are ongoing to mature.Third, different terminologies have been used to define autonomy as the concept has developedindependently in different geographical areas.Now let's review some definitions and try to gain insights into what learner autonomymeans and consists of. In academic field, many linguists and educationalists have failed to reachan agreement to the definition of autonomy.Holec (1981) defines learner autonomy as "the ability to take charge of one's ownlearning." and in 1985 he further developed this definition to a conceptual tool.
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2.2 Relevant studies home and abroad
In this section, relevant researches on autonomous learning are presented from twoperspectives: researches on autonomous learning in foreign countries and researches onautonomous learning domestic. Ever since Holec put forward the concept of "autonomy" in foreign language learning in1981， numerous studies have been conducted on learner autonomy in the field of foreignlanguage education in recent years. The journal Melanges Pedagogiques published at his centerhas also played an important role in the dissemination of research on autonomy from 1970 to thepresent day. The autonomous learning has gained a fairly large body of research in the lasttwenty years. Since 1980s, it has been a focus and subject which has been widely concerned andstudied.The sources of autonomy in language learning lie in the fields of language pedagogy,educational reform, adult education, and the psychology of learning (Dickinson, 1987; Wendenand Rubin, 1987; Nunan, 1977); some on more abstract aspects of the concept (Benson andVoller, 1997); and others on the practical application and manifestation of autonomy in variouscontexts (Boud, 1988; Dickson, 1993; Cotteral, 1995). In addition, about ten monographs havebeen published (Boud, 1988; Little, 1991; Dam, 1995; Benson & Vallor, 1997; Cotteral &Crabbe, 1999). Scholars have studied autonomous learning from different directions. Theirstudies emphasize the judgment of learning ability of autonomous language (Holec, 1981; Little,1991)， the theoretical foundation on how to bring up the ability to learn autonomously, theanalysis on the strategy implementing, the setup of the courses, and the establishment of theSelf-Access Centre.
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Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ..........11
3.1 Zimmerman's autonomous learning theory.......11
3.2 Affective Filter Hypothesis .......11
3.3 Cooperative language learning....... 12
3.4 Constructivism learning theory.......13
Chapter 4 Research Design .......15
4.1 Objective of the research....... 15
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