由于贸易、经济、政治、文化和技术的进步和国家、组织和人民之间的交流,使国家更接近。贸易壁垒的消除和自由化已经导致全球市场创造提供标准化的产品和服务在世界上任何地方的可能。这促进了跨国公司的设立。
国公司(MNC)或企业(MNE)是企业在多个国家有运营总部,跨国企业从事对外直接投资、拥有或超过一定值控制在一个以上国家的增值服务(在多个国家的多个经济活动)。外国直接投资是指一个公司在国内的公司在东道国的部分或全部控制。对于跨国企业出现的原因是进入大市场,廉价和熟练劳动力、原材料、规模经济、关税壁垒、法律问题、汇率、货币换算调整配置和会计方法。根据经合组织资料显示,在发展中国家,公司不仅在初级生产,而且在制造业,国内市场的发展和服务。福特是美国一家跨国企业,沃尔沃是瑞典的,西门子是德国的,三星是韩国的,联想是中国的,诺基亚是芬兰的。跨国企业投资迅速增长的经济体如金砖四国(巴西、俄罗斯、印度、马来西亚、新加坡和中国),以及美国和日本这样的经济稳定的国家。
The world has become a global village due to integration of trade, economies, political, cultural and technological advancements and exchanges between countries, organizations and people, have brought the countries closer. Elimination of trade barriers and liberalization has led to creation of global markets with access to standardized products and services possible anywhere in the world (Amal and Awuah.2009). This has led to the creation of MNEs.
Multinational Corporations (MNC) or Enterprises (MNE) are firms that have headquarters in one country and operations in more than one country. Dunnig and Lundan (2008) explain, MNEs engage in FDI and owns or has control over some value added services in more than one country (multiple economic activity in more than one country). Foreign Direct Investment means partial or full control of a firm in host country by a firm in home country (Needle,2004). The reasons for the emergence of MNEs are access to large market, cheap and skilled labour, raw materials, economies of scale, tariff barriers, legal issue, exchange rates, currency translation adjustments during disposition and accounting methods. According to OECD (2008), in developing countries, companies operate not only in primary production but also in manufacturing, domestic market development and services. Ford is a US based MNE, Volvo is Swedish, Siemens is German, Samsung is Korean, Lenovo is Chinese, Nokia is Finnish. MNEs invest in rapidly growing economies like BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China), Malaysia, Singapore and stable economies like Latin America and Japan.
According to lecture (Artisien, P Lecture,8th March 2011) there are two types of MNEs one is Horizontal integrated MNC where same products are produced in different countries and the other is Vertical integrated MNC a company integrates backward up the supply chain or forward down the market. Nestle, set up its own marketing and distribution in Europe and America perceived the market no longer responded to its need, so it integrated forward to search for new markets.
Reasons for international expansion:国际扩张的原因:
According to lecture (Artisien, P Lecture, 15th March 2011) motives behind which MNEs investment in foreign market are resource seeking, strategic asset seeking that invest in FDI through acquisitions of the assets of foreign corporate, market seeking (horizontally organized firms search for larger market when their local market gets saturated) and efficiency seeking.
Reasons for international expansion are stated by few theories:国际扩张的原因是几方面的理论:
Theory of Comparative advantage: According to Madura (2008), some countries produce or specialize in some products. So even if a country is relatively less efficient in producing a product, can trade with a country which produces more efficient products. Japan and USA are technologically advanced countries so they are large producers of Computer components, India has Cheap and skilled labour which att
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