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S. It shows that while China achieved a much higher economic growth rate during the past three decades, so did it maintain a much higher growth rate in energy consumption. In 2009, China alone consumed about 20% of the world’s total energy, surpassing the US to become the world’s largest energy consumer for the first time.

In 2012, China consumed 3.6 billion tons of coal equivalents (TCE) and 5 trillion kWh of electricity, up by 3.9% and 5.5% respectively from a year earlier (Figure 12). By the end of 2011, China had installed an electricity generation capacity of 1.06 billion kW. In 2011, it 23produced 19.4% of the world’s total electricity output. Ironically, despite the massive increase in electricity supply, severe electricity shortage prevailed across the country, creating the so-called ‘electricity panic’ phenomenon. It is estimated that from 2010 to 2035, global energy demand may increase by over 30%, of which China and India will contribute about 50% of the growth. Figure 12 Annual growth of GDP, energy and electricity consumption (%), 1990-201118.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 Energy consumption (bil TCE) Growth in electricity consumption (%) Growth in energy consumption (%) GDP growth (%)。

Rapid growth in energy demand has two important implications. One is that the usage of energy may have been inefficient. The other is that such extensive usage of energy and electricity may render China’s fast economic growth unsustainable without a radical structural adjustment in the national economy and industrial development strategy. Table 5 presents the country’s annual growth in energy and electricity consumption and the GDP elasticity of energy (electricity) consumption.7 Theoretically speaking, one expects。

GDP elasticity of energy (electricity) consumption is the growth rate of energy (electricity) consumption divided by the GDP growth rate. If it is equal to 1, it means that for every 1% rise in GDP, energy (electricity)the GDP elasticity of energy (electricity) consumption to be less than unity to reflect an economy improving its energy (electricity) efficiency over time. If the opposite holds true, there is an obvious concern that economic growth will be unsustainable. It is clear that China’s GDP elasticity of energy (electricity) consumption was deteriorating continuously after the financial crisis. Although the situation improved slightly in 2012, it was mainly due to a significant slowdown of economic growth. Table 5 GDP growth and energy consumption Annual growth (%) year Energy Electricity GDP consumption consumption 1985 8.1 9.0 13.5 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1.8 6.9 3.5 3.3 6.0 15.3 16.1 10.6 9.6 8.4 3.9 5.2 5.9 7.1 6.2 8.2 9.5 9.3 11.8 15.6 15.4 13.5 14.6 14.4 5.6 7.2 13.1 12.1 3.8 10.9 8.4 8.3 9.1 10.0 10.1 11.3 12.7 14.2 9.6 9.1 10.3 9.3GDP elasticity of energy electricity consumption consumption 0.60 0.67 0.47 0.63 0.42 0.40 0.66 1.53 1.60 0.93 0.76 0.59 0.41 0.57 0.58 0.76 1.63 0.75 1.13 1.12 1.30 1.56 1.52 1.19 1.15 1.01 0.58 0.78 1.27 1.30 0.71。

Rising energy demand has caused various social and economical problems. First of all, it threatens China’s energy security and hence its national economic security as the country has become increasingly dependent on energy, particularly oil, gas and coal, imports.

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