英语论文网

The analysis of 111 spectral reflection curves of Australian flowers reveals that sharp steps occur at those wavelengths where hymenoterans are most sensitive to spectral differences (fig. 4b). There are three clear peaks in sharp steps (fig. 4b). It is known that hymenopteran trichomats are all sensitive to spectral differences at approximately 400 and 500 nm (Menzel and Backhaus 1991; Peitsch, Fietz et al. 1992). Hence, the peaks at 400 and 500 nm can be discriminated well by hymenopteran trichomats, as illustrated by the inverse Δ λ/λ function (solid curve shown in fig. 4a) of the honeybee (Helversen 1972), which is an empirically determined threshold function which shows the region of the electromagnetic function that a bees’ visual system discriminates colours best. In summary, the spectral position of receptors of trichomatic hymenopterans are correlates with steps in the floral spectra of Australian flowers.

The distributions of Australian flower colours according to bees’ perception

The floral colour loci are strongly clustered in the colour hexagon (fig. 5a). Blue-green flowers are the most common in the perception of bees, while pure UV flowers were the rarest (fig. 5b).

Part 2. Does an Australian native bee (Trigona carbonaria) have innate colour preferences?

Effect of brightness, spectral purity, chromatic contrast and green receptor contrast on colour choices

There was no significant effect of stimulus brightness on choice frequency (rs= 0.333, n=10, p= 0.347; fig. 7a). There was no significant effect of spectral purity on choice frequency (rs = 0.224, n=10, p= 0.533; figure 7b). There was no significant correlation effect of chromatic contrast on choice frequency (rs = 0.042, n=10, p= 0.907; figure 7c). There was no significant effect of green receptor contrast on choice frequency (rs = 0. 0.552, n=10, p= 0.098; figure 7d).

Effect of wavelength on colour choices

Stimuli colours are plotted in figure 8a, as they appear to a human viewer to enable readers to understand the correlation between colour choices. However, all statistical analyses were conducted with stimuli plotted as wavelength due to the different visual perception of bees and humans (Kevan, Chittka et al. 2001). There is a significant effect of wavelength on the number of landings by Trigona carbonaria (Single factor ANOVA, F9,110 = 5.60, P <0.001), figure 8a. Tukey’s post hoc test revealed that the wavelength of 437 nm (a white colour to a human viewer, but strongly coloured to a bees visual system as this stimulus does not reflect UV radiation) had significantly higher landings than other wavelengths of 528 nm (brown) (P<0.01), 432 nm (grey) (P <0.01), 431 nm (light pink) (P<0.01), 420 nm (purple) (P<0.01), 455 nm (blue) (P=0.0196) and 535 nm (green) (P=0.0266). In addition, the number of landings to wavelengths of 530 nm (pale yellow) (P=0.0321) and 422 nm (pink) (P=0.0318) disks were significantly higher than that of 432 nm (grey) (figure 8a).

Part 3. Does a food deceptive orchid (Caladenia carnea) exploit the innate colour preferences of Trigona carbonaria?

Can Trigona carbonaria perceive a difference between pink and white flowers of Caladenia ca本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。