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论文作者:留学生论文网论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2011-07-25编辑:anterran点击率:11547
论文字数:9412论文编号:org201107251616474420语种:英语 English地区:瑞典价格:$ 44
关键词:瑞典硕士论文代写“ONION”“OCEAN”国民双极文化民族文化霍夫斯泰德
摘要:瑞典硕士论文代写-从不同的主导范式分析国民双极文化,本文辩证方法看各民族文化有了它自己的生命充满活力和悖论。该文件要求将我们的心态从冷战“洋葱”的文化分析的一个新的“海洋”的方式理解文化的动态捕捉的民族文化和国际跨文化管理在全球化时代。几十年来,该领域的国际跨文化管理已主要由功能的双极或三维范式分析民族文化(例如,霍夫斯泰德1980,1991,2001;1994)深刻的观点占了上风,在这一范式。首先,民族文化分为个人或集体主义,女性或男性,等
瑞典硕士论文代写FROM “ONION” TO “OCEAN”
Tony Fang is assistant professor of international business at Stockholm University,
SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden (tel.: +46 8 163063; fax: +46 8 674 74 40; e-mail:
[email protected]). The author thanks Urapa Joy Watanachote (Thailand), Joost
Stel (Netherlands), George Kakhadze (Georgia), Satu Penttinen (Finland), and Gabrielde Mello Pratellesi (Brazil) for personal communications about their respectivecountries discussed in this paper. The author also thanks Dr. Anton Kriz and manyothers, including the editor of ISMO and this issue’s guest editors, for their valuablecomments on an earlier version of this paper.
Int. Studies of Mgt. & Org., vol. 35, no. 4, Winter 2005–6, pp. 71–90.
© 2006 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0020–8825 / 2006 $9.50 + 0.00.
TONY FANG
From “Onion” to “Ocean”
Paradox and Change in National Cultures
Abstract: Differing from the dominant bipolar paradigm of analyzing nationalcultures, this paper champions a dialectical approach that sees each national cultureas having a life of its own full of dynamics and paradoxes. The paper calls forshifting our mindset from the Cold War “onion” way of analyzing culture to a new“ocean” way of understanding culture to capture the dynamics of national culturesand international cross-cultural management in the age of globalization.
For decades, the field of international cross-cultural management has beendominated by a functionalist bipolar or dimensional paradigm of analyzingnational cultures (e.g., Hofstede 1980, 1991, 2001; House et al. 2004; Trompenaars1994). Two profound perspectives have prevailed in this paradigm. First,national cultures are divided into individualist orcollectivist, feminine ormasculine, and so forth. As Hofstede stated: “The vast majority of people in
our world live in societies in which the interest of the group prevails over theinterest of the individual. I will call these societies collectivist. . . . A minorityof people in our world live in societies in which the interests of the individualprevail over the interests of the group, societies which I will call individualist”(1991, 50). Second, the paradigm represents a static and deterministic visionof culture. As Hofstede put it: “Cultures, especially national cultures, are
72 TONY FANG (SWEDEN)
extremely stable over time . . . Differences between national cultures at theend of the last century were already recognizable in the years 1900, 1800, and1700, if not earlier. There is no reason they should not remain recognizable
until at least 2100” (2001, 34–36).
The bipolar paradigm rests on a number of assumptions: Complexity istackled through simplification; nationality or nation-state forms the basic unitof analysis; the focus is on cultural differences; values determine behavior,
not vice versa; values are stable over time; and national cultures are difficultto change. The strength of this paradigmlies in its clarity and consistency inidentifying cultural dimensions and juxtaposing one culture against anotheralong these dimensions to facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.
Though useful to some extent (e.g., for testing hypotheses and for giving“the first best guess” about certain characteristics of national cultures),this dominant paradigm looks increasingly at odds with today’s global
cross-cultural management environment. On the practical side, managersare increasingly frustrated by cultura本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。