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ted largely remains an officially unrecognized phenomenon, sparingly Afghans keep proper record of financial. It is difficult to ask about financial data or in depth measures of business transactions. Although Money exchange businesses is the most capital intensive Afghans business in Peshawar it is known as Hawala system.

In Pakistani context, it is not easy to get accurate information due many reasons ranging from lack of data due to high ratio of informal and undocumented businesses and weak government records to unwarranted secrecy to disclose any business information. Finding information on entrepreneurship is even more difficult. Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) development is more in focus. Similarly micro-finance is also well recognized by both foreign donor agencies and for Pakistani government at different levels. Yet surprisingly issue of Entrepreneurship do not gain enough attention. ‘Googling' entrepreneurship research in Pakistan only returns one research centre for entrepreneurship at Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS, 2007). There is no specialized degree program in entrepreneurship bachelors of Masters in whole country.

4.2 Aims of the Study

This study explores the entrepreneurial identity construction of the Afghan Entrepreneur. It is proposed that identity construction of Afghan entrepreneur is embedded in collective practices. Communities of practice are common domains where entrepreneurial identity is shaped through negotiation and re-negotiation. The dynamics of this phenomenon will be studied by exploring the everyday practices in which Afghan refugees engage.

CHAPTER 5: Research Methodology

5.0 Introduction

According to Kuhn (1970) paradigms are models or intellectual frames of reference with which organizational science researchers can affiliate themselves. Researchers must choose a certain paradigm and stick to it (Burrell and Morgan, 1979).

Inductive reasoning generates hypothesis from data, deductive reasoning begin with data and confirm or negate the hypothesis (Holloway, 1997). Deductive approach is represented by positivism while inductive by phenomenological paradigm (Easterby-Smith et al, 1991). Positivist research tries to fit the values and measures of pre-determined variables into pre-set categories. (Patton, 1990).

Guba and Lincoln (1994) suggest that the phenomenological paradigm itself can be further divided up into critical theory, constructivism and realism. The Constructivist paradigm is becoming increasingly influential among researchers working in organizational science. (Girod-Seville & Perret, 2001).

According to Girod-Seville and Perret (2001):

“From constructivist point of view reality is constructed by ‘the act of knowing' which essentially involves the contribution of the knower (researcher). In other words reality is an object that is dependent on object (the observer in this case). The social world is made up of interpretations, constructed through actors' interactions in their own peculiar contexts. Context is crucial to本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。