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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-10-23编辑:yangcheng点击率:19454
论文字数:5722论文编号:org201410192328297589语种:英语 English地区:加拿大价格:免费论文
关键词:贸易谈判定量限制quantitive restrictionsnegotiations
摘要:本文是一篇留学生贸易谈判论文,在最近的几十年里,贸易谈判强调了限制或扭曲国际货物贸易的措施。关税就是俗称的贸易流动障碍。直到20世纪70年代初,关税(关税)是保护主义的原则模式。
Compliance Costs
Regulations and standards impose compliance costs on producers who wish to supply foreign markets. Compliance costs may arise because producers have to change their production processes in order to satisfy the requirements of the foreign market’s regulations and standards. When looking at the impact of the regulatory issues on the cost structure of producers the difference between fixed and variable compliance costs matters. Fixed compliance costs result from investment costs in additional facilities like machinery to adhere to for instance hygiene or packaging and storage requirements. Variable compliance costs follow from additional activities and process requirements like testing and documentation or the usage of intermediates of higher quality.
Variable and fixed compliance costs weigh differently for different types of producers. Regulatory measures causing fixed compliance costs may stimulate firms to increase production to generate economies of scale. Larger and possibly more productive firms find it easier to cover a given amount of fixed costs than their smaller competitors, which may leave the market. Exploring market and trade effects of a change in Polish food regulation in the course of the eastern European expansion of the EU, Rau and van Tongeren show that increasing fixed compliance costs drives firm out of the market (that is, the extensive margin decreases), while the surviving firms expand their exports (that is, the intensive margin increases). With increasing variable costs the number of exporters falls and trade values decline. The reason for the different impact of fixed and variable compliance costs are then sunk costs. In contrast, the variable compliance costs always play a role in the firms’ pricing decision. At any given level of market entry costs, higher variable costs lead to higher export prices. This reduces the demand of the exported product and leads to a decrease in the number of firms (Rau and van Tongeren forthcoming).
For example, according to a World Bank study, a strict EU standard allowing only 4 parts per billion (ppb) of total aflatoxins in cereals, dried fruits and nuts for direct human consumption is estim本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。