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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-10-23编辑:yangcheng点击率:19455
论文字数:5722论文编号:org201410192328297589语种:英语 English地区:加拿大价格:免费论文
关键词:贸易谈判定量限制quantitive restrictionsnegotiations
摘要:本文是一篇留学生贸易谈判论文,在最近的几十年里,贸易谈判强调了限制或扭曲国际货物贸易的措施。关税就是俗称的贸易流动障碍。直到20世纪70年代初,关税(关税)是保护主义的原则模式。
The WTO (2007) has compiled examples of exporters’ concerns related specifically to private standard schemes which primarily arise from process standards not product related covering issues as diverse as HACCP, animal welfare, organics, absence of genetically modified organisms, traceability, environmental impact, labour standards, etc. Concerns linked to compliance with private standards relate to the cost of implementing schemes at firm level and the cost of demonstrating compliance. Private standards tend to be descriptive, placing detailed requirements on suppliers which do not always allow alternative, but equivalent, ways of achieving the same food safety outcome. Additionally, the lack of equivalence between private standard schemes leads to repetition of certification audits. Especially exporters from developing or least-developed countries may have problems to gain access to high-pricing markets due to a lack of recognized certification bodies in their countries.
However, the globalization of private standards has the potential to reduce national bias and permits greater co-ordination of production and distribution across the world (Nadvi and Waltring 2003). As the food system becomes global, also private standards are becoming global, even though their legal framework is not subject to multilateral WTO rules. Therefore the economy is no longer defined uniquely by national borders, but by areas of activities for achieving financial and welfare objectives (Messner 2003).
The Impact of NTMs. On Developing Countries
The continual decline of tariff rates as a result of eight GATT rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, along with regional, bilateral and unilateral liberalization, have increased the relative importance of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) both as protection and as regulatory trade instruments. There is a wide range of NTBs applied by different countries that have implications for open and transparent global trade in general, and trade and development performance and prospects of developing countries in particular. However, research aimed at arriving at a more complete, precise and updated analysis of NTBs and their impact faces serious gaps, as current empirical and conceptual knowledge of such barriers is rather limited and is hampered by the lack of common definition and methodologies, inadequate quantity and quality of data, and ways and means of quantification.
Despite these limitations relating to NTB data, existing information reveals that technical measures, such as technical standards and conformity assessment, are on the rise 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。