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point Likert scale phrased as numbered 1 (1 = not emphasized at all ) to 3 (given average emphasis) to 5 (given great emphasis). The Likert scale is the method most commonly used by researchers, and proved to yield more consistent results than some of the other methods. This is why the scale was selected for this study.

4.4 Validity and Reliability

The reliability of the Likert scale is good, because of the greater range of possible answers to one item. In a Likert scale, five response categories are provided, namely “strongly agree”, “agree”, “uncertain”, “disagree” and “strongly disagree”. A value ranging from five for “strongly agree” to one for “strongly disagree” is awarded to each category. Although the Likert scale also has its disadvantages, Oppenheim (2000:195), indicate that the Likert scale is the most popular scaling procedure in use.

Where applicable, visual summaries of data will be provided. In this regard Swetnam (1998:670) asserts that bar charts and graphs are preferred because they are visually attractive, can be interpreted easily, and are effective visual aids.

Mouton (2001:276) maintains that the aim of a research design is to plan and structure a given research project such that the validity of the research findings is maximised. In consideration of this requirement, the research approach to be adopted in this research will be quantitative, that is, data will be obtained in the form of scores, which will be tabulated and analysed (Swetnam, 1998:669-670).

According to Easterby-Smith (2002), expressions like validity and reliability were originally used in quantitative science. These two concepts are used to discuss the trustworthiness of the research that has been done. It is essential to underline these elements when an investigation has been performed since it shows an understanding of possible lacks and faults of a study. These concepts can also be applied in qualitative research, where the researcher is committed to provide a faithful description of others' understandings and opinions (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002).

Validity refers to how exactly a scientific investigation is carried out and how accurate the instruments and methods are, according to the purpose of the study. To study what you really intended to study and nothing else. The instrument is a key factor in scientific investigations that will inflict upon the purpose of the study if it is not constructed in an adequate way. To prevent this, many instruments such as questionnaires are tested to verify that they measure what they are supposed to do. This can also be done for qualitative studies and by using the following question: “Has the researcher achieved full access to the knowledge and meanings of the informants?” (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002).

Reliability is a common word used in scientific literature. Its meaning and purpose is to describe how trustworthy the collected data is and the methods by which they have been collected. A high level of reliability can not exist if the validity is low. Accurate measuring is necessary to achieve high reliability. To determine the reliability the following question can be of use: “Will similar observation本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。