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RE mines as a full mutual cooperation package. In total, the investments may surge to billions of dollars with individual project projected to cost JOGMEC close to a few hundred million dollars. [53] Given the exigency of securing the needed RE volumes for Japanese national industries, it is highly likely that Tokyo will invest more funds, technology and efforts in Africa and thus, pit it into intense competition with China for mining stakes in the continent.

 

Finally, the United States, once a significant RE producer, has also been courted as a partner in Japan’s “expansionist” RE diplomacy. This engagement, however, fell short of concrete bilateral cooperation in RE exploration, mining and processing projects like that of other countries. Instead, as of today, the Japanese-American RE collaboration has been limited within to the stage of basic principle consensus for import diversification of RE sources. As shown during Maehara-Clinton meeting in Honolulu in October 2010, both sides pledged for establishing a new form of multiple-sources natural resources diplomacy [54] in order to solve both nations’ dependence on Chinese RE exports. Though yet to mature into a formal, institutionalized joint diplomacy, both countries may find themselves at a better foundation to initiate more concrete RE cooperation efforts with other RE-rich countries outside China in the foreseeable future. Unlike previous bilateral cooperation efforts that are meant for boosting Japan’s influence abroad so as to gain direct access to RE resources from individual countries, the US case showed that the Japanese government is banking on its ties with Washington as a strong counter-measure against China’s monopoly of the rare minerals’ supply market in the world. Nevertheless, it remains speculative if the current momentum between the two security partners will eventually lead to the establishment of a mutually-inclusive and future-oriented “RE’s import diversification mechanism” in the medium-term, one that is capable to challenge China’s dominance in the RE supply market.

 

Conclusion

 

As a whole, the empirical findings of this paper support Rose’s analysis model in the neo-classical school. In the case of Japan’s RE foreign policy, Rose’s notion of the relationship among systemic inducements (independent variables), internal factors (intervening variables) and foreign policies (dependent variables) has comprehensively explained the working dynamics behind the pursuit of such diplomatic policy. Both the external stimuli of China’s reduction of RE export quota and procedural restrictions of RE shipments to Japan activate the internal state of Japan, explained in the forms of policymakers’ perceptions of the risks the external incentives imposed upon the country’s economic security and power. Such interaction results in the formation of a new made-in-Japan “expansionist” RE foreign policy which centered on bilateral cooperation with RE-rich/RE-producing countries to secure the precious resources for its national consumption. Within this context, Japan has, for the past few years or so, strove to extend its diplomatic clout internationally, a mo本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。