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ng bilateral cooperation in the “development, re-cycling and re-use of rare earths and rare metals as well as in research and development of their industrial substitutes”. [37] In the latest development, Japan has secured “roughly 15 per cent” [38] of its rare earth needs with the recent accord reached between the Indian government and the Japanese representatives headed by industry minister, Yukio Edano in 2012. From the meeting, both sides pledged to collaborate in extracting almost 4,000 tons of REs with the likes of lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium, from the Japanese-built refinery plant in Andhra Pradesh through their representatives, Toyota Tsusho Corporation and Indian Rare Earths Limited. [39] Taken in tandem with the RE production volume from another Indian state-owned company, Indian Rare Earths in Chavara, Kerala, that began its operations in 2012, [40] Japan may be well ahead of its 15 per cent-mark of securing RE supply from New Delhi.

 

The exceptional case of Japan’s capitalization of its “expansionist” RE diplomacy however, has been its efforts with Vietnam which is thought to own the third largest rare earth reserves. [41] In the course of tapping on the Southeast Asian country’s RE reserves conducive to Tokyo’s resource security, the Japanese government has been courting Hanoi to provide it with substantial volume of the minerals as part of the former’s economic development package to Vietnam. In the Second Japan-Vietnam Coal and Mineral Resources Policy Dialogue held in Hanoi in January 2009, both Japanese and Vietnamese vice-ministers inked a deal on joint RE cooperation, a result of the year-old Japan-Vietnam Coal and Mineral Resources Policy Dialogue and the larger November 2007 accord, Agenda toward a Strategic Partnership between Japan and Vietnam between the then Japanese prime minister, Yasuo Fukuda and Vietnamese president, Nguyen Minh Triet. Particularly, the vice-ministerial agreements included Tokyo’s support for Hanoi on infrastructure-building projects such as electricity, water, roads, schools and hospitals, among the few, in the vicinity of the RE mines in Vietnam. [42] Unlike other countries, however, the Vietnam case is a classic example where Japan’s economic development aid has been utilized in exchange for the RE resources that the latter needs for its own economic security. The recent Toyota Tsusho and Sojitz’s awarding of mining rights at the Dong Pao’s RE mine in Lai Chau province and Sumitomo’s RE plan in Yen Bai province [43] owned much of their successes to the government’s efforts from early 2009 to late 2010.

 

The amount that the mine is expected to produce could total to around 20 percent of Japan’s import with reserves of about 17 million tons and Tokyo is poised to receive the first RE shipments from Vietnam in 2013. [44] It is also interesting to note that the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung had praised Japan for choosing Vietnam as its partner for the development of RE resources. [45] Also, in the same effort that Japan had made with India, Japan and Vietnam have also concluded an agreement to assist Vietnam in building its second nuclear power plant [46] ―another form of Japanese aid for sustainable economic development needs of Hanoi. In October 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。