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oducts making processes to China as a means to tap on cheaper and more sustainable supply of the rare resources, [22] has sent rattles to policymakers or bureaucrats in Tokyo until the point where METI has to set aside measures in resolving the RE shortage crisis within its Third Supplementary Budget Requests for the FY2011. As stipulated within the document and the following budget request in 2013, the allocated JOGMEC funds in support for RE developments (inclusive of bilateral cooperation programs abroad) has increased more than six-fold from as low as 8 billion yen (US$ 95.29 million) in 2011 to 57.12 billion yen (US$ 680.21 million) in 2013. [23] With these measures in place, the Japanese trade ministry hoped to at least defuse the impact of the RE supply deficit crisis toward the continuous “hollowing out” phenomenon of Japanese industries.

 

In the event RE shortage crisis continued to be unresolved, the problem is likely to add to the other two lingering factors and produce devastating, tripling effects on the whole of Japan’s national economic security. These include having more domestic businesses in the country suffering from the risk of long-term stagnation or collapse and further deterioration of jobs in the real economy. In this sense, the bearing these non-state actors had on the Japanese economic security is somewhat parallel to China’s manipulation of its RE supply’s. This, by all means, coincides with Miles Kahler’s view that perception of economic insecurity did not simply revolve around the narrow notion of external manipulation by other states but also dependent upon the susceptibility levels of domestic non-state actors which in this case, refer to those of the businesses and the masses. [24]

 

Aside from economic security per se, Tokyo’s policymakers (or bureaucrats) are also concerned on the continuity of Japan’s status as one of the world’s most powerful economic nations. As scholar Barry Buzan coined it:

 

“The firm roots of power in the anarchy are the source of its advantage as a concept, an

 

advantage which is complemented by its utility for expressing the form of problems as they

 

occur for decision-makers within units.” [25]

 

Through such definition, there are two notable features regarding the concept of advantage within a particular state. Apart from adhering to the neoclassical realist view that an individual state’s power notion involves the search for relative advantage against other states in an anarchic international system, Buzan sees the pursuit of comparative advantage helps policymakers to view and identify the kinds of external factors-induced problems that they face in the level of national decision-making processes. In Japan’s instance, an external shock such as the shortage of RE supply crisis, serves as an incentive to policymakers in Tokyo in which if the predicament continues unchecked, it本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。