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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-08-21编辑:yangcheng点击率:24861
论文字数:12000论文编号:org201408091848196219语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
摘要:本文是作者的一篇英国本科毕业论文。任何一个企业和社会组织都是存在于环境之中的。企业环境可分成微观环境和宏观环境。微观环境包括那些直接影响企业履行其使命状况的行动者、供应商、各种市场中间商、顾客、竞争对手等。宏观环境包括那些影响企业微观环境中所有行动者的较广泛的社会力量或因素,包括人口的、经济的、技术的、政治的、法律的、以及社会文化方面的力量和因素。企业的经济环境包括:1、宏观经济形势,如国民经济发展水平及其发展趋势,政府财政。金融情况;2、本行业在整个经济体系中的地位和行业特点;3、企业的直接经济环境,包括人均实际收入、平均消费取向、消费支出分配模式。
There are several reasons why this corporate reputation index is chosen. First, this research is based on theUKevidence, so the survey of British Most Admired Companies fits the sample requirements of the research question well. Several representative researches based onUSevidence selected the Council on Economic Priorities (CEP) ratings (Freedman and Jaggi, 1982) to assess the corporate social responsibility. However, there is no equivalent rating for British corporations. For this point, MAC rating is the most suitable measure for this research.
Second, MAC ratings provide the required data for this research. CEP ratings mentioned above only consider one factor (pollution), rather than wider aspects of environmental performance; therefore, it is only available for certain industries. (Toms, 2002) On the contrast, MAC ratings are ranked by the average scores of nine aspects of environmental management, and it contains the sufficient sample size within 38 sectors. As mentioned above, this research examines the corporations from various industries. Thus, MAC ratings suit the needs of this research.
Third, the methodology of MAC survey is more reasonable, which leads to more valuable ratings. The data of MAC ratings come from the answers of professional executives and analysts. They only mark the firms within the sector they are familiar with. All these contribute to the availability and representativeness of the MAC ratings.
What’s more, Toms (2000) asserted that MAC ratings could represent the actual managerial strategies, as ‘MAC scores were related to disclosure levels’.
However, there are still several weaknesses of MAC index. This survey only presents the figures, but cannot tell the true factors which contribute to the environmental performance change. And Fryxell and Wang (1994) pointed out that MAC survey was slightly different from the other variables, such as ‘management quality, financial variables’, in the MAC data. It fails to present ‘a high degree of co-linearity’.www.51lunwen.org/business (Toms, 2002) Due to the methodology of MAC survey, the results may be influenced by the preconception and bias of respondents. In another word, the MAC ratings may be not objective enough.
Notwithstanding these weaknesses, MAC rating is still a qualified and reasonable measure for environmental reputation in this research, since its advantages can overcome disadvantages.
4.3 Corporate financial performance measures
As discussed in the literature review section, there are four main kinds of measures to assess the corporate financial performance, which could lead to different CER-CFP relationship outcomes. Accounting-based and stock market-based measures are the most popular ones to assess the financial performance in the empirical studies. This study selects both accounting-based and market-based measures, and compares their CER-CFP relationship results to examine which one would be better.
4.3.1 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
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