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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2015-06-11编辑:felicia点击率:38151
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摘要:这是一篇美国留学论文,浅析了生物燃料的发展趋势,希望大家通过这篇文章更加了解生物燃料。
Table IV: Comparison of Diesel Demand and Biodiesel Production in MT in India (Source: GTZ, 2005)
The target of 20% blending of biofuels to meet the existing requirements and reduce the reliance on the imported petroleum oil by the Planning Commission, India requires more than 13 MT biodiesel to accomplish this plan.
Although ethanol is commercially available in India yet the biodiesel is still unavailable on commercial scale and it is being manufactured in laboratories and pilot scale projects. Extensive plantation of Jatropha is required to meet the set goals till 2012.
2.9 Biofuels and Environment
The ethical issues related to biofuel industry are extensively debated; production of biofuels and their use at commercial level have their negative as well as positive affects on the environment. The issues like conversion efficiency, emission of greenhouse gases and land requirements are of great importance.
2.10 Conversion Efficiency
Conversion efficiency of the biofuels is under a lot of debate, a huge amount of energy and effort is required to grow crops and yield ethanol and biodiesel from them. Hill et al., (2006) investigated the conversion efficiency of these fuels and reported that the input energies include machine and fuel energy, fertilizers, irrigation, harvesting equipment, transportation of the crop to the distilleries, the input required to obtain lands, buildings for installation of distilling plants and fermentation processes.
The investigative studies of Hammerschlag (2006) elaborated the input energy further; he reported that the inputs like fertilizers and insecticides are energy intensive products; fertilizers involve the use of methane gas in their production and are considered energy extensive products. It is claimed that the biofuels are driving farmers to use more and more pesticides and fertilizers to obtain maximum yields; it is causing a negative impact on the environment causing soil and air pollution. Crops being used for the production of biofuels fetch higher prices in the market; therefore the farmers are cultivating more feedstock crops leaving the food crops. There is a visible decrease in the area covered by food crops and area for feed stocks and other biomass providing crops is on the rise.
Research conducted by Klein and LeRoy (2007) has reported soil erosion as an ultimate result of the intensive cropping. Experts have developed life cycle energy balance to estimate the energy efficiency and environmental impacts 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。