GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF LAW POSITIVE, NORMATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL SCHOOLS IN LAW AND
Economics代写留学生论文Francesco Parisi
04-22
Published in European Journal of Law and
Economics, Vol. 18, No. 3, December 2004
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY LAW AND
ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER SERIES
This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science
Research Network at https://ssrn.com/abstract_id=586641
1
Francesco Parisi1
POSITIVE, NORMATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL
SCHOOLS IN LAW AND ECONOMICS
ABSTRACT: During its relatively short
history, the law and economics
movement has developed three distinct schools of thought. The first two
schools of thought, often referred to as the Chicago or positive school and the
Yale or normative school, developed almost concurrently. The functional
school of law and economics, which developed subsequently, draws from
public choice theory and the
constitutional perspective of the Virginia school of
economics to offer a third perspective which is neither fully positive nor fully
normative. Various important methodological questions have accompanied the
debate between these schools concerning the appropriate role of economic
analysis in the institutional design of lawmaking and the limits of methods of
evaluation of social preferences and aggregate welfare in policy analysis. These
debates have contributed to the growing intellectual interest in the economic
analysis of law.
Keywords: Law and Economics, Intellectual History,
methodologyJEL Codes: K00, B0, B5, B25, B41
1. The Origins and the Evolved Domain of Law and Economics
Various important methodological questions have accompanied
the growth and evolution of law and economics. Economists and jurists
alike have debated the appropriate role of economic analysis in the
institutional design of lawmaking and the limits of methods of evaluation
of social preferences and aggregate welfare in policy analysis. In many
respects, these methodological debates have contributed to the
diversification of methodologies in the economic analysis of law.
1 George Mason University, School of Law, and University of Milan, School of Law.
E-mail:
[email protected]. Tel. (703) 993-8036.
2
1.1 The Origins of Modern Law and Economics
Law and economics is probably the most successful example of
the recent surge of applied economics into areas that were once regarded
as beyond the realm of economic analysis and its study of explicit market
transactions. Methodologically, law and economics applies the
conceptual apparatus and empirical methods of economics to the study of
law.
Extensive research has been carried out to identify the historical
and antecedents to modern law and economics. The encyclopedic work
edited by Jürgen Backhaus (2003) contains several biographical entries
devoted to precursors and early European exponents of the law and
economics movement. It is interesting to see that, although the
recognition of law and economics as an independent field of research is
the result of studies carried out in the United States after the 1970s, it is
in Europe that most of the precursors can be found. Notable antecedents
to law and economics include the work of Adam Smith on the economic
effects of legislation (1776), and Jeremy Bentham’s theory of legislation
and utilitarianism (1782 and 1789).
In the United States, it was not until the mid-twe
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