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criminal (Oliver, 1977, p. 4). Church operated orphanages and private establishments provided the answers. Around 1882 the State implemented some structure of boarding out systems and education institutions for children's needs (Oliver, 1977).

 

Reflecting on colonial settlement, Oliver (1977) asserts "welfare" into three words: 'benevolence', 'deserving' and 'discipline' (as cited Beddoe & Maidment, 2009, p. 43). New Zealand's social problems at the turn of century were limited to charitable aids and voluntary services providing support (Oliver, 1997, p. 2). Single parents, unemployed, alcoholics and so forth, were viewed as minority needs. State provisions for deserted widows and orphans were catered in a haphazard manner of assistance (Oliver, 1977). From harsh conditions of previous times immigrants' concerns were directed toward the young and old (p. 2).

Between 1840 and 1890 the social structure assisted the poor through charitable aid boards (Oliver, 1977). Instigated through open protests the State half-heartedly assumed some responsibility for assistance by merging with voluntary and private sectors (Oliver, 1977, p, 2). Eventually State commitment established The Hospitals and Charitable Aid Act 1885 previously catered by outside voluntary and personal agencies (Oliver, 1977).

 

Due to profiteering from private sectors housing issues in the 1890's were less. A provision for housing loans as part of land settlements formed the beginning of State involvement. The Workers Dwelling Act 1905 constructed rental housing, and employment opportunity (Oliver, 1977). As a means to avoid the rigid system of past worldviews, tentative beginnings of public welfare practice emerged, serving as a catalyst in the establishment of the radical welfare state (Beddoe & Maidment, 2009). The Old Age Pension Act 1898 provided welcome assistance to the aged though less available to Maori due to entitlement policies.

Maori predominantly living rural were often disregarded. Health and age concerns were openly acknowledged by most sectors, but pensions were often declined or reduced by means testing measures undertaken. Government officials (usually Pakeha) viewed Maori as living in communal settings of land ownership and less entitled to receive payment or support (McClure, 2004).

From the Liberal Government of the 1890's, State intervention in the economy and welfare services became more evident. The essence of charity was declining as private assistance from the rich and middleclass lessened. Measures to replenish costs through rates met with reluctance from colonists (Oliver, 1977). By 1914 State assistance reached high levels requiring an incorporation of local, voluntary aid and state to manage economic pressure (p. 1).

 

By early twentieth century New Zealand had defined a welfare system providing assistance in a variety of areas to assist individuals in harsh times (Oliver, 1977). The 1920's and 30's economic effects of World War One, influenza's, invoked continuous service of welfare provision by State and voluntary services. Children's health was still a concern. The Child Welfare Act 1925 provided free dental care and education was integrated into the health system (Oliver, 1977).

Critical economic uncertainty in the 1930's depression affected all public sectors. The battle providing assistance for the deserving and the poor meant greater r本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。