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论文题目：自选（critical literature review）所读专业：Media management 字数：2000字学校国家：university of centre Lancashire(UK) 论文用途：期末作业学校背景（档次）：英国拍名70位补充要求： Format: The basic outline for writing literature reviews is covered in the course text “Business Research Methods” Chapter26 -Chapter 2 in new edition-though this should be used as a set of general guidelines- your specific research area may require alteration of structure/ approach. Since you also need a research idea to work on you will also need to refer to Chapter 2 of the text on refining research ideas into research questions. Tasks: 1, Provide a critical literature review appropriate to research project your subject area. This should include ( preferably as separate sections): 1, Your initial research ideas and a working title. 2, Your approach to researching the literature, including types of sources utilized and any problems encountered in terms of reliability or validity of sources. 3, Keywords & explanations/definitions of key ideas and terms in your literature search. 4, Identification of key writers, theories and issues in the area. 5, Specific research questions developed from your review( see course text p.36-9: 552-3:560). 6, Comprehensive in-text References ( including secondary sources) and a bibliography detailing all sources utilized. Assessment Criteria: Content criteria will be specific to your chosen title, which you can discuss with tutors as part of the assessment. Processual and structural criteria will address both breadth& depth of the literature reviewed and quality of linkages to course material. You do not need to identify all of the key writers etc in the area you have chosen, you do need to identify those who are of specific relevance to your study. There is no specific word limit to this assignment though as a rough guide it should not exceed 2000words, excluding your bibliography. You should avoid making your research ideas too vague as this generally leads to too wide a range of issues to cover- your overall task is to present a coherent review which should enable your to refine your possible research ideas into specific and viabld research questions. Understanding Media Economics on the Basis the U.S. Practices Table of Contents 1.Overview 3 2.Growth Strategies of Media Conglomerates 5 Merger and Acquisition 5 Globalization 7 3.Benefits of “Being Big” 8 Economies of Scale 8 Economies of Scope 8 Synergy 9 Windowing 10 4.Penetration of Foreign Markets 11 Direct Export 11 Format Licensing 12 Direct Foreign Investment 12 Joint Ventures or Co-Production 13 Reference 14 1.Overview Media economics is a new field, combining principles of both the study of communication media and the study of economics. By definition it refers to “the business operations and financial activities of firms producing and selling output into the various media industries” (Owers, Carveth & Alexander 1998). The complexity of economic activities involved in media business can be well demonstrated in works by Alexander (1998), Doyle (2002), etc. However, for the purpose of this study, media economics is largely confined to the conglomeration of U.S. media, and the media conglomerates’ export of film and television programs. In the U.S., the last decades of the 20th century will be remembered as ones of expansive media growth. Not only was the number of media outlets available to the public via cable, s