英语论文网

to the technology diffusion component and combined with Lucas approach. The study provides a consistent picture of the role of human capital in adopting technology from abroad. He found human capital to be positive and statistically significant. Further, higher schooling was used as a specific subcategory of schooling human capital and was found to be the largest. The author also commented as 'The findings suggest that the often-quoted Benhabib and Spiegel (1994) rich country sample results for the NP approach are not typical for OECD countries' (Engelbrecht, 2003, pp.S49). The researcher, based on empirical findings of his work argues that the identification of the NP approach with the endogenous growth component as well as with the technology diffusion component is unfortunate.

Jones (2008) recently presented a model, in which human capital differences can explain several central phenomena in the world economy instead technology differences. The model shows that how large differences in the quality of skilled labour may persist across economies, nonetheless not appearing in the wage structure. The model provides an integrated perspective on cross country income and price differences, trade patterns, migrant behaviour, relative wages, poverty traps and other phenomena in a way that appears broadly consistent with important facts. Further, the model provides insights about migration, brain drain and the role for multinational in development.

R & D Spillovers and Transmission.
Though the importance of international R & D spillovers has long been recognized, however, it came to the highlight in 1990s especially with the development of new growth models such as Romer (1990), Grossman and Helpman (1991), and Aghion and Howitt (1992). A number of empirical studies on International R & D spillovers have been carried out and can be grouped into three broad categories: studies addressing the appropriate definition of the foreign R & D capital stock, studies proposing alternative econometric techniques and studies proposing additional determinants of TFP. (Coe & Helpman, 2008).

Coe and Helpman (1995) did the pioneering work on international R & D spillovers. They found that foreign R & D has beneficial effects on domestic productivity. They also noted that these effects are stronger if the economy is more open to foreign trade. Besides, it was observed that both in terms of domestic output and international spillovers, the estimated rates of returns are very high.

Engelbrecht (1997) extended the study of Coe and Helpman (1995) among OECD countries. He included a general human capital variable. This variable accounts for innovation outside the R & D sector and other aspects of the human capital, which are not captured by the formal R & D. This study is important in the sense that it not only confirmed the original findings of the study of Coe and Helpman (1995) but also established a role for general human capital alongside R & D capital. It was also found that human capital affect TFP directly as a factor of production and works as a medium for international knowledge transfer associated with productivity catch up amongst OECD countries.

Coe and Helpman (1997) expanded the scope of their initial study in 1995 regarding R & D spillovers to developing countries. According to the study based on UNESCO estimates [4] , most of