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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2013-08-08编辑:lgg点击率:4882
论文字数:37800论文编号:org201308081116097067语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:该研究的目的是探讨采用合作学习在高中英语学习和教学在中国,学习英语作为一门外语,找出相互关联的问题,在实施和拿出一些有效和切实可行的战略的实际效果加强合作学习的有效性。
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Cooperative Learning
Cooperation, a form of collaboration, is "working together to accomplish shared goals"(Johnson & Johnson,1989,p. 2). Whereas collaboration happens in both small and largegroups,cooperation occurs mostly in small groups of students working together. Manyteachers and whole schools are adopting cooperation as the primary structure for classroomlearning.Research strongly supports the advantages of cooperative learning over competition andindividualized learning in a wide array of learning tasks. Compared to competitive orindividual work, cooperation leads to higher group and individual achievement, higher-qualityreasoning strategies, more frequent transfer of these from the group to individual members,more metacognition, and more new ideas and solutions to problems. In addition,studentsworking in cooperative groups tend to be more intrinsically motivated, intellectually curious,caring of others, and psychologically healthy. That is not to say that competition andindividual work should not be valued and encouraged, however. For example, competition isappropriate when there can be only one winner, as in a sports event, and individualistic effortis appropriate when the goal is personally beneficial and has no influence on the goals ofothers.
Cooperative learning has a long history of many years in both theory and practice, but thereis not a concise and accurate definition. Many famous linguistics make different definitions.According to many famous experts, cooperative learning is a philosophy of teaching."Cooperative learning is the mutual engagement of participants in a coordinate effort to solveproblem together ."(Koschmann,1997) ”Cooperative learning is the instructional use of smallgroups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other'slearning ."(Johnson, Johnson,Holubec,1993)Spencer Kagan in an article in Educational Leadership (Dec/Jan 1989/1990) provides anexcellent definition of cooperative learning by looking at general structures which can beapplied to any situation. His definition provides an umbrella for the work of cooperativelearning specialists including the Johnsons, Slavin, Cooper, Graves and Graves, Millis,etc. Itfollows below:
Chapter 3 Methodoloy ............31-36
3.1 Cooperative Learning in High School......... 31-32
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