小费—改变美国黑人小费收取者生存条件的有利工具
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2017-11-04编辑:lgg点击率:5035
论文字数:38546论文编号:org201711011923065181语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 44
关键词:英语毕业论文对抗贫穷歧视
摘要:本文是英语毕业论文,通过大量的工程实践和研究,对小费的一些机构报道,作者得出结论:翻实践可以改变黑色倾斜工人的条件,所以它的存在,直到今天。小费的做法可以作为一个有用的工具,以抵御贫困,性别和种族歧视面临的黑小费工人。
Introduction
William Summer Graham once said in his famous book Folkways that folkwaysare usual practice of a person and tradition of the whole society which results fromendeavor to meet needs; they are mixed with gobinlism and primitive meaning of luck,and therefore they have traditional authority. Then the folkways become regulationsof generations and generations and take on the role of social power. They arise from aplace no one knows and no one knows when or how. They may be changed, but just toa limited extent, by the endeavor of man. In time they lose power, decline, and die, orare changed. When they are in power, they nearly control every single one of us andsocial establishment. Yet the customs are not organic. (Sumner iii) The social habit oftipping is such a folkway. It also experienced a period of losing power and declining,but it does not die. And I try to study its struggle process.
1. Brief
history of the Tipping Practice
American people feel confused about the behavior of tipping for a long time, indetail, since Gilded Age, and most economists think that the tipping is a kind ofirrational behavior. However, no matter how irrational and how unacceptable tippingis in people’s mind, it exists till to date. From 1900s to 1990s, a fierce discussionabout keeping or abolishing tipping practice was conducted, because of differentvalues and benefits of different people. And during this campaign, a small scale ofanti-tipping campaign was waged to abolish tipping practice. In this period, ninestates introduced laws to ban tipping, but these laws were repealed not long afterbecause people did not obey them, and they just ignored them. Tips cannot be bannedby the government which leaves a potential impression in people’s mind that tippingis not wrong and people continue to tip which accelerates the expansion of tips in theUnited States. After great efforts made by tipped workers, tipping practice was writteninto Fair Labor Standards Act and has been kept until now. However, because of theexistence of tipping practice, tipped workers cannot have the minimum wage likeother workers. Then clash begins.
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2. Literature Review
There are many published studies researching the reasons of prohibiting tippingpractice, and supporting to abolish it, but studies on keeping the tipping practice arefew. Hardly any studies do take it as a useful practice.Since the appearance of tipping practice, it is criticized severely. Many scholarsthink that tipping is a behavior accelerates racial and gender discrimination. Azar andhis group is the typical example. And because of gender discrimination, womentip-receivers are subject to sexual harassment. The payment is very unequal in lots ofindustries which are very severe in restaurant history leading to poverty of manywomen servers. The full-time, a year round, women restaurant servers are paid 79percent of what their male co-worker earn ($15.09 and $18.13 respectively). Blackwomen servers are paid just 60 percent of the male co-workers are paid. Because oflow wages, waiters rely on customers’ tips which makes women workers are morevulnerable to sexual harassment. Although the notion of racial discrimination hasbecome a past theme, it has never disappeared, at least in restaurant industry. Therestaurant workers not only watch their colleagues practicing racial anddiscriminatory behaviors also report doing such behaviors themselves. Theys
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