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mic Functional Grammar (SFG) originally put forward by M.A.K.Hallidayin the 1960s which forms contrast with the dominant theory of TransformativeGrammar by Chomsky of that time in its claiming to meet the demand of the theory ofsocial and personal needs. “… the nature of language is closely related to the demandsthat we make on it, the functions are specific to culture….the particular form taken bythe grammatical system of language is closed related to the social and personal needsthat language is required to serve (Halliday 1970, p142). ”It is a systemic grammar inthe first place, systemic refers to the internal relationship pertaining language as awell-organized system which contains many a sub-system, the choice of these sub-systems people make to express their meanings are determined by the social relationspeople maintain. It is a functional grammar simultaneously, which depicts language asone means of social communication. In Halliday’s famous book Introduction toFunctional Grammar (1985), he divides the lexicogrammar into three meta functions:Ideational meta function, interpersonal meta function and textual meta function whichconstruct the solid theoretical base for SFG. All the three main metafunctions arefundamentally achieved by the grammatical system of Transitivity, Mood and Theme-Rheme. That is to say grammar is not just confined to the grammatical meanings; italso carries their correspondingly social functions.
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2.2 Foreign Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has its origin in Critical Linguistics (CL), amovement developed at the University of East Anglia during the late 1970s. Led byFowler mainly, also with Kress, Hodge, the term critical linguistics first appeared intheir seminal works of Language and Control (1979), Language as Ideology (1979).And it was deeply influenced by Halliday, actually based on his Systemic FunctionalLinguistics (SFG), particularly his three famous meta-functions.In fact, CL paves the way for the emergence of CDA. In the earlier 1990s, asymposium was organized by Teun Van Dijk in Amsterdam with its academic journalDiscourse & Society (Van Dijk 1990) as well as the release of important works asLanguage and power (Fairclough, 1989), Language, Power and Ideology (Wodak,1989), Prejudice in Discourse (Van Dijk, 1984) were often viewed as the formal andinstitutionalized beginning of CDA (Wodak,R., interview,May 2007).The theoriesincorporated by CDA practitioners are many. However, in the author’s opinion, thetheoretical base for CDA may be the three-dimensional model by Fairclough as isshown in figure2.1In text dimension, by borrowing Halliday’s SFG, it mainly focuses on theanalysis of lexical, grammar, coherence and text structure. While in discourse practice,it puts emphasis on the analysis of intertextuality and interdiscursivity based onFoucault’s the order of discourse and Pecheux’sinterdiscourse. The theories ofAlthusser’s ideology and Gramsci’s hegemony are used in social practice dimension.Therefore, in a sense we can say that instead of Halliday’s SFG, the three-dimensionalmodel of Fairclough intends to be the linguistic theoretical foundation for CDA. As amatter of fact, the three-dimensional theory is frequently applied in analyticalframework of CDA. As Fairclough (2001) states, “CDA is in my view as much theoryas method (p121)”. Therefore, the heterogeneity of theories assumed by CDApractitioners resulted in div