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rn materials through experience, practice,participation, cooperation, and communication, and to explore and complete a certaintask in the classroom, thus learning and using English will truly reflect the teachingidea of learner-centered.
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Chapter Two Literature Review

Cooperative learning, also called 'team learning' or 'learning to share'.Cooperative learning is a useful teaching model which advocates in New Coursereform. It encourages learners to participate in group activities actively, discover andexplore knowledge initiatively; and work toward a common goal. Besides, it stressesout that the promotion of learners' sense of communication, the cultivation of theircooperation consciousness and the training of their practical cooperative abilities. Itprovides a great path for the comprehensive development of learners.

2.1 The definition of cooperative learning
Professor Slavin (1982) of Johns Hopkins University states his definition asthis:' a teaching tactic where students of all levels are engaged in learning activitiesin a small group towards a common goal. The essential characteristic is that thesuccess of one learner helps other members to be successful.'Johnson, D.W. and David W. Johnson (1991) think that 'cooperative learning isa instructional form of team work based on interdependence, responsibility, socialcompetence and group processing where students work together toward a commongoal: grasping a concept, solving a problem, or achieving a learning objectives, andby doing so, they can maximize to promote their own and everyone else learning.'The Israel famous educational psychologist, Dr. Sharon (1990) thought:“cooperative learning is a general term for the organization and promotion of a seriesof methods of classroom teaching. During the classroom teaching, cooperation is theway that students can be achieved through group activities. Group usually made up of3-5 people. Group serves as the unit of social groups. Students begin their learning byinteracting and communicating with each other, as well as by individual researchlearning'.Kentucky University professor Guskey (1982), said: “ in fact, cooperativelearning is a kind of learning varity. It requires the students in heterogeneous groupsmade up of 2-6 people to involve in learning activities to complete the tasks that theteacher assigned. In each group, students are usually involved in different kinds ofcooperation and mutual learning activities.'
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2.2 The theoretical basis of cooperative studying
Group cooperative learning has obtained widespread recognition around theworld. A growing number of countries start to accept and adopt it. One fundamentalreason why group cooperative learning prevails is that this model has a scientific andsolid theoretical basis.Constructivist learning theory holds that: the learning process is not a passivelearner to accept knowledge, but to actively construct the process of knowledge:studying is not only the knowledge from outside to inside of the transfer, it is aprocess that learners actively build their own knowledge and experience, namelythrough the interaction of the new experience and existing knowledge experience, toincrease and transform their own knowledge and experience1. Knowledge is an actively constructed, rather than passive acceptance. If thereis no active construction of the subject, knowledge can not be passed to the subject b本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。