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opts the definition by Hackston and Milne (1996), as it captures the themes of CSR disclosure and consistent with the Bursa Malaysia CSR framework 2006.

A CSR Disclosure index is constructed by adding all the items that represents each of the five themes, which are Environment, Community, Human Resource, Energy and Product. The CSR index is constructed by using the dichotomous measure, of '1', if the company discloses the items and '0', if it is not disclosed. The subsequent process is adding all the scores and equally weighted .The scores will be calculated as follows:

nj

CSRDI j = a?‘ t =1 Xi j

nj

Where:

CSRDI j= CSR Disclosure Index

nj= Number of items expected for the company nja‰¤86 items

Xij = of '1', if the company disclose the items and '0', if it is not.

Multiple regressions analysis is used to test the hypothesized relationships between the independent variables (predictor) and the dependent variables (criterion) (Hair et al., 2006). According to Pallant (2005), multiple regressions can be used to explore the relationship between one continuous dependent variable and a number of independent variables. Thus, in order to test the hypotheses, regression analysis is used to the variance of CSR disclosure in explaining by the corporate governance characteristics and board of directors' ethnicity. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis is conducted to examine the strength of the relationship between corporate governance characteristics and board of director's ethnicity as a proxy with corporate social responsibility disclosure in Malaysian Public Listed Companies for the year ended 2006.

研究结果——Findings of the study

Table 3 represents the 150 of final sample of the target population of 602 public listed Companies at Bursa Malaysia for the year ended 2006. 26 percent (n=39) of the sample firms are in Industrial Product. The remaining companies represents Trading and Services (n=30, 20%), Properties (n=29, 19.3%), Consumer Product (n= 25, 16.7%), Plantation (n = 11, 7.3%), Construction and Technology (n = 13, 8.7%).

The descriptive statistics includes statistics such as minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation for each of corporate social responsibility index. The mean for the CSR disclosure level in Annual Report Index is 8.35 percent.

Table 5 presents the level of CSR disclosure index for the 150 companies. The highest number of non-disclosure companies in Annual Report is 33.3 percent (n=50).

Regression results of the association between corporate governance characteristics, culture and CSR Disclosure.

Hierarchical Regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between the CSR Disclosures index and the independent variables namely the board size, board independence, duality, audit committee, ten largest shareholders, number of shareholders, managerial ownership, foreign ownership and government ownership, Malay domination directors, and Proportion of Malay Executive Directors to total Directors. To determine the appropriateness of the model and data or goodness of measure, several tests underlying the regression model were conducted such as test of normality, checking for outliers, test of linearity, Test of Equal Variance (Homoscedasticity), Multicollinearity test and Autocorrelation (I本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。