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age of water, centuries old practices of flood irrigation continue. This has led to large scale waterlogging and salinisation of the soil especially in lower contour regions of Sindh. The FAO as per its latest report has estimated that 21% of the total irrigated land in Pakistan suffers from salinity. This particular aspect is the third highest in the world after China (23%) and the USA (28%).

 

The resultant damage to the irrigation system could be costing Pakistan 25% of its potential production, or approximately US $2,500 million per year. In effect, Pakistan is running to standstill which it should try to understand sooner or is forced to absorb later. Therefore, despite having access to water, the mode of application is not only damaging the soil, but also restricting new uses that might emerge as national competition continues to grow for the resource in a manner in which it is being manifested within Punjab and Sindh provinces. Ground water extraction is believed currently to be happening at a rate that is 50% more than the annual recharge rate. By using micro-irrigation techniques, Pakistan could prevent further land from becoming waterlogged and saline. Moreover, with improved efficiency more water would be made available for other users as provincial competition grows for fresh water.

It is estimated that the costs of constructing new irrigation works to be between $1,500 and $4,000 per hectare for large projects in Pakistan. With Pakistan on the verge of bankruptcy, and the disastrous effects of inefficient water use, construction of new dams appear to be a water irrational policy. [12] What does all of this mean to the relation between the two states? Firstly, Pakistan is increasingly beleaguered by perceived or actual water stresses way beyond its control. Secondly, it does not have enough funds to solve the problem on its own. Thirdly, this inability along with internal strife will put more and more pressure toward achieving water security by any means available which in all probability will manifest itself in increasing antagonism towards India by direct or indirect means all of which may eventually culminate into conflict. Tensions over the water resources may place more emphasis on Pakistani support of insurgents that are trying to break Kashmir away from India, which could potentially escalate to war given the history of conflict between India and Pakistan. Conversely, they could also lead to enhanced cooperation. Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari was coorect in appreciating that continued failure to resolve the issue could fuel the fires of discontent that lead to extremism and terrorism. [13]

 

Options for Conflict Resolution

 

Pakistani scholars and experts have propounded many options for resolution of conflict. It is therefore necessary to analyse two of the most reported ones in detail for its rationality.

 

Chenab Formula.It is one of the most preferred plan of Pakistan’s official chann本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。