留学生经济thesis:欧盟经济一体化 [6]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-10-07编辑:yangcheng点击率:13358
论文字数:6443论文编号:org201410031218292179语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:Economics Essay税收制度欧盟经济Economics Essay
摘要:本文是一篇分析欧盟经济一体化的留学生经济essay,欧盟可以比喻为一个联邦,因为其成员国家的经济是一个单一的市场,没有对货物,人员,资本和服务(单一市场,1993年)的限制流动的经济一体化。
apital. Regarding the social costs it should be noted that some EU members in particular countries with traditionally strong welfare state such as the Nordic countries have reduced social expenditure as a percentage of GDP during the years 1995 to 2003. According to the European Commission, this reduction in social spending is short, as the aging population will lead to higher social spending for retirement and health care.
The level of public expenditure
The European economies were in the mid-20th century examples of economies with a traditional extended public sector. High levels of public spending and their upward trend appears to be cut after the oil crises of the '70s. During the period 1995-2004 the vast majority of Member States have reduced the contribution of the public sector throughout the economy. Potentially, this shrinking of the public sector would create the conditions for a gradual reduction of tax rates. Also studies had shown that the corporate taxation twist the composition of public expenditure towards high-productivity public inputs and away from unproductive public goods (Benassy et all, 2007). So, there is interdependence between public expenditure and corporate tax that must be considered if harmonization is attempted.
The liquidity of the tax base
In the European Union, the customs union, the common market (free movement of goods and capital goods), the introduction of the euro, and the development of information technologies have increased the mobility of the tax base. This mobility within the EU had a large impact on decreasing the capability of a member nation to impose tax in to the production factors which are characterized by greater mobility.
According to Loretz (2008) the corporate tax base changes for two reasons: first because a different number of taxpayers is subject to corporate income tax and second because the corporate taxpayers have a different average tax base. Furthermore, Lorenz in his analysis indicates that it has become increasingly difficult for countries to broaden their tax bases.
Meanwhile, the development of international financial markets and the ability to make online transactions make even more difficult to tax capital. The limited exchange of information between financial sector and tax authorities and the widespread tax confidentiality makes it more difficult to identify the tax base.
Tax competition
The rates of taxation of capital play an important role in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) worldwide. Tax competition between Member States to attract investment has become more intense following the recent enlargement of the European Union. The new Member States adopting low tax rates has led to the acceptance of favorable taxation of capital by the rest-older countries. This 'tax competition” has negative effects on tax revenue in most Member States and for that reason there are initiatives in the European Union to harmonize between the different tax systems. (Holzinger, 2005) and (Halkos & Kyriazis, 2006)
Today this form of competition appears to decline as the growing belief that the adoption of low tax rates on capital is no longer the main factor in attracting FDI. A typical example is the Nordic countries which are at the top of the list of competitiveness indicators managed to attract major manufacturing investments. The case o
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