英国食品安全相关本科毕业论文 [5]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2014-10-13编辑:yangcheng点击率:18587
论文字数:8713论文编号:org201410122351308714语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:食品安全形势TROPAG食品安全食品政策约束趋势预测
摘要:这是一篇食品安全的形势的留学生assignment,本文回顾了印度2010年的粮食安全形势与前景。紧随其后的是对有助于粮食安全的五个关键因素的评估。然后讨论了在这种背景下的印度粮食政策和方针选择,之后基于三个指标使用经济研究服务 (ERS)食品安全评估模型,对印度当前的状况进行了评估:即现状的差距;营养差距;以及分配差距。
titlement and access issues. It will be argued here that there is a danger that this realignment, while extremely positive in itself, may have gone rather too far and may be leading to the neglect of important issues concerning food availability and food utilisation.
Asia's impressive past performance in increasing food production illustrates the argument as far as food availability is concerned. While it is often pointed out that food availability does not automatically translate into food access, there is nevertheless a strong linkage, because increasing food availability translates into increased supply reaching the market, and if the market is functioning at all efficiently, this will translate into lower prices. As a result of cereal production outstripping population growth in Bangladesh, the real price of rice fell from Tk.20/kg to Tk.11/kg (-45%) between July 1980 and July 2000, while that of wheat fell from Tk.12.50/kg to Tk.8/kg (-36%). Surpluses of rice and other food crops in Vietnam have caused food prices to decrease, particularly since 2000 when the Consumer Price Index for food declined by 9% and the average retail price of paddy declined by 18%. Contrariwise, when food availability is falling, prices rise and net food buyers suffer reduced real incomes and increased household food insecurity. This is what happened in Indonesia during the crisis of 1997/8.
There are causes for concern in Asia about the future developments of all three sources of food availability, domestic production, food aid and commercial imports. The first two are examined here while the issue of commercial trade is covered in Section 4. Stock changes obviously reallocate food over time, but do not increase aggregate food availability. In fact stocks reduce food availability, as there are inevitable storage losses and almost inevitable leakages - the less developed the country the greater are these likely to be.
Domestic production
There are huge differences among the sample countries with respect to future production prospects. Vietnam as the world's third largest rice exporter is clearly a special case. All of the others are more or less in balance in normal years, but unless there are some deep-seated changes in some of these countries, things will not remain this way. Without substantial improvements in land productivity, Nepal will slip steadily into the position of heavily-indebted food importing country. Bangladesh has some real challenges to face in order to sustain its recently-acquired self-sufficiency in cereals: by 2015 production per hectare per annum will have to rise by more than a third in order just to maintain today's per capita food production levels. On the other hand, Cambodia has the land and water endowment to emulate Thailand and Vietnam in terms of rice exports, but policy failure is acting as a brake on prospects for realisation of this potential. Lester Brown famously raised the prospect that its growing prosperity (and consequently growing food demand), in tandem with limited capacity for further production increases, would turn China into a major food importer, driving up world food prices, with serious knock-on effects on heavily indebted net food importing nations. His views have since been questioned, particularly on the argument that he has underestimated the elasticity of both demand and supply in response to rising grain prices.
Nevertheless,
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