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论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-09-22编辑:steelbeezxp点击率:85219
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TASK 2: Do you think it is ever legitimate to use an argument you know to be bad, provided you can make it appear to be good, to persuade your audience (an examiner?) of a conclusion that you dearly want them to accept?
As an aside, it is perhaps worth noting the (somewhat sad) history of the English word ‘sophisticated’. This was, until the 1930s, a term of denigration. To call a person sophisticated would be to imply he or she was a person who was, by demeanour and/or dress (or make up) attempting to pass themselves off as a cut above their real station, i.e. as pretending to a class which they had not attained. (The very lavish motion picture palaces of the 1920s were condemned in contemporary architectural publications for their ‘sophisticated architecture and décor’ i.e. for having an architecture and décor by which they pretended, to be finer architectural creations than they really were.) But then the usage changed so that calling something, or someone, sophisticated became the height of praise, and through this misuse the word lost its connection with the original sophistry. This is a good example of how, in linguistic evolution, using a word or phrase wrongly often enough causes it to gain acceptance by (some) linguistic authorities as right.
Accordingly, it is important to note that when you read a nineteenth century scholar describing an argument or a position as sophisticated, the author is not praising it for its cleverness or ingenuity!
Rightly or wrongly, it was believed that in their later years, the Sophists had what was in effect a kit of intellectual ‘dirty tricks’ - a catalogue of what they knew were bad ways of arguing that could be made to look good, and which they would use whenever they were useful. (Again, consider whether there are people/professions today who knowingly do this? Are politicians (of all persuasions) immune from this practice? Are there any other categories of people you might cite for this practice?) These have come to be called fallacies and many of them occurred so frequently as to be given names. Not all the things labelled fallacies were in fact fallacious.
3. Fallacies – ‘the counterfeit of argument’
It is customary to divide fallacies into formal and informal. The formal fa本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。