难民,跨国和国家 [3]
论文作者:Khalid Koser论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2016-05-03编辑:anne点击率:23829
论文字数:9626论文编号:org201605021332486612语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
关键词:难民跨国主义国家临时保护
摘要:三案例研究的形式对本文实证的重点*人的临时保护欧洲的年代,寻求庇护者向欧洲走私,和贡献厄立特里亚跨国社区在国内冲突后重建。
ithout formal resettlement programmes *almost every EU country, for example*legal options are very limited. Asylum is virtually never granted, for instance, to people applying at embassies in their country of origin or neighbouring countries. There is a growing consensus that, as a result, the vast majority of asylumseekers*including ‘genuine’ refugees*are smuggled into Europe. As the case study later in this paper demonstrates, this exposes them to significant insecurity, and can even jeopardise their asylum claims. And while ‘genuine’ refugees probably are eventually identified and appropriately assisted, it is also true that the conditions in which all asylum-seekers live in receiving states prior to a decision on their application are increasingly dehumanising.
Transnationalism and the State 跨国主义和国家
The preceding, brief overview of the relationship between refugees and the state is fairly gloomy, at least for asylum advocates. One reason, then, for viewing this relationship anew through the lens of ‘transnationalism’ is because it has often been asserted that ‘transnationalism’ *in a variety of guises and at different levels*has been associated with a reduction or at least reconfiguration of state power. What might be the implications for asylum-seekers and refugees? Will supranational obligations encourage states to reassess their responsibilities towards refugees and asylum-seekers? Do transnational networks offer the potential to ‘emancipate’ asylum-seekers and refugees by providing them the opportunity to mobilise against
236 K. Koser the excesses of state authority? Or are these people also excluded from the potential benefits of transnationalism? Perhaps the most extravagant claims about the erosion of state power have been made in the context of global capitalism, the logic of which, some authors have asserted, has heralded the retreat and decline of the nation-state (Ohmae 1995; Sassen 1996; Yergin and Stanislaw 1998). Simultaneous with this decline, it has been suggested, has been the emergence of new forms of ‘global governance’, centred on concepts such as ‘global civil society’ (Delanty 2000; Kaldor 2003) and associated with processes of authoritarian breakdown and the globalisation of democracy. A common criticism is that these assertions underestimate the ability of states to respond to and take advantage of globalisation and thus the continuing significance of state capacity (Grindle 2000; Weiss 1998). Another is that they lack empirical grounding, and are made at too high a level of theoretical abstraction. How, for example, do these transformations impact in reality on states’ responses to immigration? Saskia Sassen has suggested two ways that immigration policy has extended ‘beyond sovereignty’, through a process she describes as ‘de facto transnationalism’ (Sassen 1996). First, certain aspects of state policy that pertain to immigration control are gradually being relocated to supranational organisations such as the European Union, World Trade Organization or the international human rights regime. For Mary Kaldor these form ‘a layer of governance that constitutes a limitation on the sovereignty of states’ (Kaldor 1999: 216). Second, some aspects of public sector functions in this realm are being privatised, and hence exposed to the internationalisation of trade and investment. An alternative perspective on challenges to states’ control over immigration and immigrants focus
本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。