意大利的统一分为三个主要阶段:1815-1830:意大利发生叛乱,然后叛乱被镇压。1848-1849:发生叛乱,随后被镇压。1858-1870:整个意大利统一。
在拿破仑之后,主要的欧洲强权(奥地利、俄罗斯、西班牙、大不列颠王国、普鲁士)都与意大利有关系,他们都在同一时间被拿破仑所征服过。正是因为如此,意大利才被分为了不同的王国,所有王国都与哈布斯堡家族联合(除了皮埃蒙特撒丁岛,它是由维克多爱纽曼统治,它是一个独立王国,还有教皇国,是由教皇统治)。
奥地利对意大利有很强的统治力。西西里王国与斐迪南达成了协议, 并且帮助教皇维持教皇国。只有皮埃蒙特撒丁岛不受奥地利的影响。1815 – 1830年间的革命,几乎所有意大利人都憎恨奥地利的外来影响。
Q: Describe & Explain the Unification of Italy.
The Unification of Italy divides in to 3 main stages: 1815-1830: Revolts all over Italy. Revolts are suppressed. 1848-1849: Revolts all over Italy. Revolts are suppressed. 1858-1870: The unification of Italy
Introduction To understand the unification of Italy, matters before the revolution need to be examined. Up until 1716, Italy was just a big piece of land divided among small kingdoms of monarchs. (ref. H.O. #1 p.29)
When napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy, he left them 3 things, which were probably the key characteristics in the revolution: - Efficient Government. - A practical demonstrations of the benefits from a unified Italy - Hatred towards foreign influence.
After the fall of Napoleon, the major European powers (Austria, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, & Prussia) what was to be done with Italy, which was conquered at the time by Napoleon. It was thus decided that Italy would be divided among different monarchs, all associated with the Habsburgs (except for Piedmont Sardinia, which was to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel, an independent monarch, and Papal States, ruled by the pope.). (ref. H.O. #1 p. 29-30)
Austria had very strong domination over Italy. It had agreements with Ferdinand, king of Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies, and helped the pope maintain his kingdom. Only Piedmont Sardinia wasn't influenced by Austria (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30). 1815 - 1830 Revolution Almost all ''Italians' hated the foreign influence of Austria on Italy.
Metternich, an Austrian prince wanted to make sure no nationalist activities were in process in Austria's territories in Italy (which was Lombardy Venetia).
He imposed repressive rule in Lombardy Venetia. German was the official language, a strong Austrian army was always present to suppress any hostile activities, an efficient system of spies reported on any nationalist activities, a strict censorship of news was present, and Italian
history was banned in schools to avoid the younger generation from learning about the glorious Roman past.
Metternich caused even further resentment when he obligated Lombards to serve in Austrian army, obey Austrian rules, and pay high taxes to Austrian empire. Lombardy Venetia's situation was very bad, and nothing seemed able to be done. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30).
The situation in Lombardy (and in other parts of Italy) led to the establishment of many secret societies dedicated to the cause of Liberalism and Nationalism the biggest and most famous of those societies was named Carbonari. The Carbonari resented the Austrian domination and initiated many uprisings. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30).
In 1815, the Carbonari initiated the first revolt in The Kingdo
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