文化冲击和糟糕调整 [3]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2016-04-27编辑:zhaotianyun点击率:10756
论文字数:2957论文编号:org201604251343356242语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:Culture Shock电信行业跨文化领域
摘要:摘要:本文主要讲述了文化冲击的定义和当前商业行业背景下国际市场的壮大。
get things done in the new culture. In 1963 the U-Curve model expanded to W shape when repatriation is considered in other words the expatriate achieve the mastery stage and begins to function effectively into the new culture almost as well as at home. Even though U-Curve has been a really popular model but After testing 54 years of testing the research support U-Curve has not been convincing. Although some support have found for the U-Curve but it has been criticized by many scholars. Church (1982) has regarded U-curve to be very weak. Furthermore academic professor like Furnham and Bochner 1986 (cited in Jan Selmer , 1999 pg .4) Also reject the U-curve and argue that it is too vague and too generalized. However, Black and Mendenhall 1991 (Cited in Jan Selmer, 1999 pg. 6) Conclude due to the lack of methodological rigor in many of the investigations, a rejection or acceptance of the U-Curve by scholars or cross cultural trainers would be premature. Despite the lack of empirical support, the idea that expatriates might go through some systematic and discernible pattern of adjustment remains a very attractive notion both on an academic and a practical perspective.
文化适应——Acculturation
There are a number of studies which have emerged on the culture shock but one of the most prominent theories on acculturative stress proposed by Berry was established as an alternative of word culture shock. The term culture shock was redefined by (Zheng &Berry , 1991) as a form of stress. The reason berry gave for replacing the term Culture Shock with acculturative stress is the word shock is very negative while stress can be either both positive and negative aspects. The term stress was developed based on the concept of acculturation. (Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits (1936) as (Cited in Yun &Quynh, 2012, p, 3) defined acculturation as, 'Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups.'.However (Berry, 1970; Furnham & Bochner, 1986) as (Cited in Yun &Quynh, 2012, p, 3) did not agree with the definition of Refiled and Herskovits they argued that acculturation should be discussed at an individual level because acculturation is a change in the psychology of the individuals rather than group level. One of the popular acculturation model that has emerged in many studies by scholars is Berry's acculturation strategies model .Which list four response or types or acculturation. These are Assimilation, Separation, Marginalisation and integration. This model describes possibilities of response around two dimensions and acculturation. The first, based on maintaining cultural identify and the second around maintaining links with other groups. Depending on how respondents react to these two dimensions. Berry's (1991) model yields the fourfold classification of the acculturation model chosen by individuals. When individuals maintain a strong cultural identify, yet associated with member of other cultural group this leads to an integration
strategy in which important elements of both cultures are blended. A separatist response refuses to identify with the host culture and idealizes home culture leading to increased ethnocentric societies and chaunvisnism. Individuals only weakly identifying among their culture of origin and becom
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