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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2014-11-27编辑:Cinderella点击率:16530
论文字数:6678论文编号:org201411271124231031语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:languagecommunicationcoach英语沟通
摘要:越南教练与澳大利亚教练交流,英语是必不可少的工具。本文作者是越南国家运动训练基地的英语教师,以其自身经验分析了两国教练在文化、训练方式等方面的不同,从而运用到自己英语教学实践上。
Suggestory formulae: utterances which contain a suggestion to do something, e.g. How about cleaning up?
Query preparatory: utterances containing reference to preparatory conditions e.g. Could you… or Would you mind…
Non-conventionally indirect strategies
Strong hints: utterances contain reference for the implementation of the act, e.g. You have left the kitchen in a right mess.
Mild hints: no reference in utterances but it is understood as requests by the context, e.g. I am a nun in response to a persistent hassler.
According to the scale of indirectness, the above nine strategy types are classified into three main groups: direct strategies (strategy 1 to 5), conventionally indirect strategies (strategy 6 to 7), non-conventionally indirect strategies ( strategy 8 to 9). The strategies are categorized based on the use of upgraders / downgraders types within the head act. They are still termed syntactic modification and lexical modification ( Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper, 1989). It is obvious that the directness/indirectness level in requests can be recognised by the Head Act of the request.
Types of downgrader/ upgraders commonly associated with requests
(from Helen Spencer-Oatey, 2000, p26)
Syntactic downgraders or syntactic modification
Negation of preparatory condition, e.g. You couldn’t do the typing, could you?
Aspect, e.g. I’m wondering if you could do the typing?
Tense, e.g. I was wondering if you could do the typing?
Lexical downgraders or lexical modification
Politeness marker, e.g. Can you do the typing, please?
Understater, e.g. Can you do the typing a bit?
Hedge, e.g. Can you sort of do the typing?
Subjectivizer, e.g. I wonder if you could do the typing.
Downtoner, e.g. Could you possibly do the typing?
Cajoler, e.g. You know, you really need to do the typing.
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