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Disarmers were also used in situations 1 and 2 to get players to feel more accepting of the coaches’ statements. Especially, they were used in situation 2 where the players’ obligation is higher than in the first case. Some disarmers used in the second situation follow as:

“ I know you are capable of more but I want you to ….”(from an Australian Distance coach)

“You have been really developing in most aspects of your training, however I want to ask you…..” (from an Australian basketball coach)

“ I believe you are playing within yourself at present, but you must……” (from an Australian. swimming coach)

“don’t worry, you can repair each part. But you must…….” ( from a VN volleyball coach)

“You don’t have to be tense on this. You must………….” ( from a VN football coach)

In fact, using disarmers not only aims to reduce the imposition of requests, but also keep the addressee’s face. As in the above utterances of disarmers, the coaches noted that they believe in players’ ability and their possible improvement as well. Thus it is not completely their fault if they could not carry out the coaches’ requests at the expected rate. Therefore, in terms of mitigating request imposition, politeness would be present in the requests.

Another finding from table 2 is ‘supporting move grounders’ mainly used by the Australian coaches in both situations 1 & 2, but not in situation 3. To get players to understand the requests, explanations about reasons for their requests were often given before the requests. Based on the coding system of Blum-Kulka et al (1989) the explanations were considered as grounders. It is the way of mitigating the imposition of requests. That is, it is an indirect way to reduce the threatening force of request.

Let us look at some examples from the data about the external modification used.

Eg. 1 from an Australian basketball coach in situation 1

“ You can make a great improvement in your execution of this skill. To help you to add this technique to your skill, you will need to do this technique for 5 minutes per day until you no longer have to think about it. Each day I will give you new exercises that will help you get it.”

Disarmer You can make a great improvement in your execution of this skill.

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