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hose of USA, which indicates that China is centralized (though it has shown some tendency toward decentralized power) while USA is relatively decentralized. Second, USA ranks first in individualism (strong individualism) while China is low in individualism (strong collectivism). Third, USA has higher value than China in masculinity, which indicates that USA is medium masculinity while China is medium femininity. Fourth, China has higher values for uncertainty avoidance than USA, which shows that Chinese are relatively risk-avoiding while Americans are relatively risk-taking. Last, USA has a short-term orientation while China has a long-term orientation.

 

It has been widely accepted that cultural differences greatly affect human thinking and behavior and thus business organizations in which people interact on the basis of shared values. Management is embedded in a wider societal setting, and is heavily influenced by local historical and cultural norms (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). The significant differences between USA and China seem to affect some aspects of their management practice.

 

Impact of Cultural Differences on Cooperative Strategies

 

As discussed, USA is strong in individualism and medium masculine. They rely on their own view to determine what they should do. They tend to work alone and are reluctant to cooperate because their individualism and masculine culture view cooperation in general as a sign of weakness and place a high value on independence and control. China is strong in collectivism and medium feminism. The Chinese depend more on groups or institutions to determine what they should do and emphasize loyalty to the group. They are more likely to cooperate with others to avoid risks and reduce responsibilities. Their value systems appreciate duty to the group and harmony among its members while pursuing personal goals is viewed rather negatively in China.

 

In addition, in the process of cooperation, Americans place greater importance on contractual safeguards than the Chinese. They believe that contracts can ensure that their partners' tendencies to focus on individual goals and aspirations do not interfere with their own individual goals and aspirations. But the Chinese don't consider contracts as seriously as the Americans. They think there will always be changes and the contracts can be reasonably modified according to changes. Instead, they tend to pay more attention to relationships than contracts.

 

Impact of Cultural Differences on Conflict Management

 

The Chinese and Americans tend to resolve conflicts in different ways. Since the Chinese come from a strong collectivism and medium feminine society in which harmony and personal relationship are emphasized, they will try to use indirect ways to avoid direct and open conflict. When they face conflict, they prefer to use authority 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。