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去做一个“文明人”。哈克觉 得在他的保护人家里“太闷气”,简直是“一天到晚活 受罪”,只有当他“又穿上我那身破烂衣服,钻到我那 空糖桶里呆着,这才觉得自在,心满意足。”试想, 这样一个没有受过文明的教化、风餐露宿、无人呵护 的“野孩子”的语言肯定不会字正腔圆、文雅不俗。 密西西比河流域本来就有地方方言的存在,当地居 民的英语不同于美国的标准英语,这种因地域不同 而形成的方言,称之为地理方言(geographical di2 alect)。哈克是一个未成年的孩子,没有受过教育, 而文化修养又会影响一个人的语言,这便形成了语 言的社会方言(social dialect)。可想而知,象哈克这 样一个生长在密西西比河流域的没有受过教育的孩 子说出的话便成了密西西比河流域的地理方言与社 会方言的综合体,其语言习惯与语言特色更有别于 周围其他人与其它地区的语言。 马克·吐温不愧为一位深谙儿童心理的文学艺 术与语言大师。小说中哈克这种独具特色的儿童语 言俯拾皆是。打开这部小说,此种情形的语言不胜 枚举。让我们看看哈克是怎样描述令他畏惧的酒鬼 父亲的: He was most fifty,and he looked it.His hair was long and tangled and greasy,and hung down, and you could see his eyes shining t hrough like he was behind vines.It was all black,no gray;so was his long,mixed 2up whiskers.There warn’t no color in his face,where his face showed;it was white;not like anot her man’s white,but a white to make a body sick,a white to make a body’s flesh craw2a t ree 2toad white,a fish2belly white.As for his clot hes 2just rags,that was all.He had one ankle rest2 ing on’tot her knee;t he boot on t hat foot was bust2 ed,and two of his toes st uck t hrough,and he worked t hem now and t hen.His hat was laying on t he floor; an old black slout h wit h t he top caved in,like a lid. (Chapter V注:文中横线为笔者所加) 寥寥几行,一个蓬头垢面、衣衫褴褛、因饮酒过 度而显得面无血色的酒鬼父亲便跃然纸上。言语之 中随处可见一个没有上过学的流浪少年的童真可 爱:首先,长句子不多,基本上都是一些符合少年语 言特征的短句。再者,句子中词的误用、语法错误等 更是比比皆是。例如:“most”显然是误用,应改为 “almost”才对,“laying”和“slouth”应分别为“lying” 和“slouch”才妥;语法上“,like”和“was”应换成“as if”和“were”才符合语法规则。其它还有词的连读吞 音问题,以及符合少年心理特征的比喻等等。尽管 整部小说共有四十二章,我们仅以其中的第十三、十 四、十五章为例,就能概括出小主人公哈克的主要语 言特色。笔者认为,其语言的语法特点主要表现在 以下几个方面: (一)使用不规范的动词形式(过去式、过去分词 形式、现在分词形式、一般现在时单数第三人称等)。 如: (1)Well,I catched(=caught)my breat h and most fainted. 很显然,在这里“catched”一词是被误用。作为 一个儿童,又加之没受过教育,平日里见得更多的是 动词过去式加“ed”的情况,那么错词“catched”出自 哈克之口也就显得天经地义了。其它相似的例子还 有: (2)And in he come(=came),and Bill after him. (3)I was glad I didn’t drink whisky;but it wouldn’t made(=make)much difference,anyway, (4)We seen(=saw)a light,now,away down to t he right,on shore. (5)She was a2visiting(=visiting)t here at Boot h’s Landing...... (6)So says(=say)I to Jim...... (二)使用“双重否定”形式。按常规“,双重否 定”表示肯定意思,即人人皆知的“双重否定”等于肯 定。但哈克语言中的双重否定的句式从上下文及他 所要表达的意图来看,明显地表示否定意思而不表 示肯定意思。如: (7)Jim said he didn’t believe he would go any f urt her———so scared he hadn’t hardly(=had hard2 ly)any st rengt h left,he said. (8)I couldn’t hardly(=could hardly)hang on2 to t he shutters,I was so weak. (9)...t here ain’t not hing(=is not hing)to watch but t he Texas and t he pilot 2house;... (10)...but it’s so wide t here,we couldn’t make nobody(=could...nobody)hear. (11)Packard didn’t take no(=didn’t... any)notice of t hat... (三)在名词的“数”、形容词的比较级和最高级 形式、副词的用法等方面也存在着许多违背常规的 情况。如: (12)This second night we run between seven and eight hours,wit h a current t hat was making over four mile(=miles)an hour. (13)We all reckoned t hat looking at t he new moon over your left shoulder is one at t he carelessest (=most careless)a body can do. (14)They talked low and earnest(=in a low voice and earnestly). (四)完成式中助动词“have”当被用在一个助动 词之后时,常被说成“a”;另外,现在分词前也往往凭 空加上一个“a”。如: (15)But take it all around,I was feeling rut her comfortable on account s of taking all t his t rouble for t hat gang,for not many would a(=have)done it. (16)...and I laid into my work and went a2 booming(=booming)down t he river. (五)主谓不一致的情况。这又是哈可语言中存 在的一个极其普遍的问题。如: (17)I judged she would be proud of me for helping t hese rap 2scallions,because rapscallion本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。