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poral Orientation in the Simple Present Tense... 40
4.3 The Non-Prototypical Temporal Orientation in the Simple Past Tense........ 49
4.4 The Non-Prototypical Temporal Orientation in the Simple Future Tense .... 59
4.5 Summary..... 64
Chapter Five Conclusion..... 65
5.1 Summary..... 65
5.2 Contributions and Implications...... 66

Chapter Four the Non-Prototypical Temporal Orientation inEnglish Tense within CBT Network

4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the author will discuss the non-prototypical temporal orientationin English tense within the conceptual blending network. Traditionally, tense isdeictic in nature. Tense is time distinction. The simple present tense is used todescribe states or events happening at the present time of speaking, which is theprototypical usage of the simple present tense. However, since people’s emotion isincreasingly rich and complicated and language can’t meet their need to expressthemselves, the simple present tense is no longer limited to its original usage. Thesimple present tense can be used to refer to the state or event in the past or in thefuture, which are the non-prototypical temporal orientation of the simple presenttense. Likewise, the simple past tense is not only used to describe the state or eventoccurring at the past time. The simple past tense can be used to describe a kind ofcounter factuality, or be used as a means of pragmatic softener, which arenon-prototypical temporal orientation of the simple past tense. Similarly, except forthe temporal orientation, the simple future tense can be used as a means to ask forpermission, which is also the non-prototypical temporal orientation of the simplefuture tense.

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Conclusion

First, the author of this thesis has applied the conceptual blending theory intoexploring the cognitive mechanism of those non-prototypical temporal orientationsin the English tense, which provides a crucial novel aspect in explaining the Englishtense system. Cutting-joining blending blends two related but not similar conceptstogether to make the simple present tense be used to indicate the past or the future.Mixture blending blends two similar but not related concepts together to make thesimple past tense be used to describe a kind of counter factuality or be used as ameans of a pragmatic softener. Mixture blending also makes the simple future tensebe used to ask for permission.Second, the conceptual blending theory is used to demonstrate the cognitivemechanism of those non-prototypical temporal orientations in the English tense,which strengthens the explanatory power of the conceptual blending theory. Previousstudies have mainly concentrated on applying conceptual blending theory into thestudies of humors, puns, ironies and so on. In this thesis, the author has usedconceptual blending theory to explore the cognitive mechanism of thosenon-prototypical temporal orientations in the English tense, which broadens theexplanatory ranges of conceptual blending theory.
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