Education REFORM IN JAPAN:WAYS TOWARDS QUALITY
Shunji Tanabe,Japan
Japan has,like many other countries,involved in reforming attempts in
order to make schools more accountable,which have continued to experi-
ence a series of major changes to the structure,organization,and content
代写留学生论文of education system.School days in public schools are going to be reduced
from?-days a week to?-days a week.In accordance with this reduction,
the modification of curricular frame is already scheduled.Devolution of
authority and responsibility from the central will be introduced gradually.
Notwithstanding that the e?ect of these reforms would be dramatic,the
foundation of organizational culture known as Theory J(Japanese)would
exist even with some modification,because of the cultural background in
Japan,i.e.cultural homogeneity.
This work is designed to contribute to our knowledge about the way of
improving school management.And this paper is to focus on organizational
culture and structure in order to point out why the concern for leadership
is still underdeveloped in Japan.
The formal education system in Japan includes kindergarten(Yochien),ele-
mentary schools(Shogakko),lower secondary schools(Chugakko),upper sec-
ondary schools(Kotogakko),and institutions as higher education(Daigaku).
Most elementary schools,lower secondary schools,and special schools
for handicapped are public schools founded and supervised by local govern-
ment,while the share of private sector is significant in the rest of education
levels.The share of public schools is relatively larger in upper secondary
school(about??%in
statistics of????),whereas private schools share more
than public schools in both kindergarten(about??%)and higher educa-
tion institutions(about??%).There are some state schools established by
the central government in each education levels.The number,however,is
quite small.
All children are required by law to be in full-time formal education
between the ages of?and??.This compulsory education for?-years is
formed by?years in elementary school and another?years in lower sec-
ondary school.And furthermore,there is a large demand for formal educa-
tion both before and after compulsory education.Most children begin their
Ways Towards Quality in Education·International Conference Proceedings
Brdo pri Kranju,Slovenia·?–??April????
c College of Management in KoperShunji Tanabe,Japan
pre-school education either in kindergarten at the age of?,or in nursery
institutions as a part of social welfare,and afterwards enter into compulsory
education.Almost all students(over??%)will continue their learning as the
post-compulsory education,in upper secondary schools for?-years through
entrance examination.And then more than a half of students will continue
their further education in either university/college or vocational training,
through entrance examination.
??????????????????
It would be no doubt to characterize the Japanese society as cultural ho-
mogeneity;relatively,mono-culture,mono-ethnic,and welfare state.(Ben-
jamin????,???).
It would be also the well-known fact that Japan is a country without
social cleavages based on race,ethnicity,caste,language,or religion.This
contributes to strong cultural agreement regarding the forms and goals of
education.
Japanese society is a meritocracy shaped by an educational competition
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