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’spersonal information is more similar to that of the writer, he will probablyunderstand the text better. Rivers (1983) proposed that the role of a teacher is tocreate opportunities and environments for students to use the language. Teachershould also make sure that students are the center of the class and teacher is onlythe guider and facilitator. Rivers (2000) pointed out that interaction is the key toteaching language for communication and communication derives essentiallyfrom interaction. According to the viewpoint of Rivers, it can be concluded thatan effective way to learn is to interact and communicate. Brown (2001) listed 12interactive principles, which can give both the learners and teachers some usefulhints. The 12 interactive principles are discussed in detail in Chapter 2.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Reading
Reading has been studied by researchers in various aspects both at home andabroad and it is known to us that reading is not a passive but an active process．Thefollowing part generalizes the definition of reading and the three models of reading．

2.1.1 The Definition of Reading
Although we all know what reading is, it is not easy to define and almost noone can give an exact definition of reading. Many reading experts have given thedefinition of reading. Tinker and McCullough (1975) believe that readinginvolves the identification and recognition of the written symbols which serve asstimulus for the recalling of meanings formed from readers’ past experiences, andpromote the construction of new meanings through the reader’s control to relevantconcepts which have already existed in his memory. Widdowson (1979) regardedreading as the process of incorporating the textual information with theinformation a reader brings to the text. Michael & Richard (1997) thought a goodand skillful reader should get involved in a text and want to go on to read tosearch more useful information, and reconsider his or her previous predictionsabout the main idea of the text. It is the process of realizing the interactionbetween the text and the reader. Urquhart and Weir (1998) defined reading as theprocess of receiving and interpreting information encoded in language formthrough the signals provided by the text. Ben (1998) defined that reading is theprocess of constructing meaning from written texts．It is a complex skill whichrequires the combination of many interrelated sources of information．Anderson(1999) thought reading as an active process in which the reader’s knowledge，skills and previous experiences are activated to construct his or her ownunderstanding of the text. Nunan (2001) also thought that reading is a process ofinteraction. And through the whole process, the reader constantly makes use of the bottom-up and the top-down processes. Carrell, Devine and Eskey (2006)viewed reading as a receptive process in language learning. In fact, reading is apsycholinguistic process. Reading process starts with the author’s linguisticrepresentation in the text and it ends up with the new meaning that the readerreconstructs based on his or her experience and previous knowledge. Thus, anessential interaction occurs between the reader’s thought and what is written inthe text during the process of reading the text. The author put his own thought intothe language and the reader reconstructs the language to understand it correctly.
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