网络及社会资本的影响分析 Networks and Social Capital Influence [5]
论文作者:meisishow论文属性:职称论文 Scholarship Papers登出时间:2014-07-12编辑:meisishow点击率:12422
论文字数:5436论文编号:org201407081737537457语种:英语 English地区:新西兰价格:免费论文
关键词:NetworksSocial CapitalInfluence社会资本网络
摘要:社会资本是指个体或团体之间的关联——社会网络、互惠性规范和由此产生的信任,是人们在社会结构中所处的位置给他们带来的资源!社会资本是社会学家首先使用过的一个概念,最早把社会资本概念化的是Granovetter,但学术界至今对究竟何为社会资本尚未形成统一概念,不同的学者从其学科范畴与研究范式出发,对社会资本概念作出了不同的界定。
direct influences on enterprise performance, since some research in the past found a positive association between developments and company performance in terms of growth and profitability (Antoncic, 2008). The entrepreneurs’ traits play important roles in enterprises. Entrepreneurship is the key to development, which are guidance and the central brief.
Bourdieu (1986, 1993) and Putnam (1995) defined social capital as the union of potential resources and actual resources or in other words both the relationships between the capital and the owners that may be inspired by those relationships. The concepts of social capital are not always unified. Foundation on Coleman, they added that although social capital is illustrated in many forms, each of these forms has two traits: they are part of the social structure and gear up the role of individuals in the structure. Social capital emerges from an individual’s networks and belongs to the whole society. Social capital therefore forms a particular type of resource available to an actor. A difference between physical capital, human capital, and social capital is that only exists in the structure of relations among agents, and not in the actors themselves or in physical items. All three forms of capital can be boosted by the agent in order to promote productive activity. Social capital offers various information, rich resources and labor capital, which means that more stable and abundant social capital is more beneficial for entrepreneurs. When an individual has an original advantage due to his position in social structures, he obtains more social capital and is able to achieve more benefits that may be used as resources for further actions. The position of entrepreneurs in social structures is equal to the social capital of the enterprises including the acquaintances among the social networks, the cooperators and labor resources. Information channels as useful information offers a “basis for action” (Coleman, 1988). Before entrepreneurs make decisions, what counts is information. The analyses to the information from social capital can be treated as how many roads are displayed to decision makers. More information, more roads lead to the most proper, appropriate and best decision, which is vital to developments. The element of social structure supplies the information channels as it informs the actor of the direction of the action (Fine, 2001). Information is fundamental matter for action. If an enterprise has insufficient information, it will be excluded by the market and the situations. Social capital is conducive to individual human capital to get more exact and reliable information, which can lower the error outcome and cost due to the asymmetry of external information. Information is not the sole acquisition, but also knowledge. Knowledge is accumulated in the process of life and learning in particular social networks. In particularly, the tacit knowledge of perceptual knowledge comes from direct various relations and social capital. Entrepreneurs can gain more knowledge by the process of sustaining and building relationships in social structures, which is useful to decision makers and innovation. Coleman said that an entrepreneur’s resources for action come from his position in social structures (Burt, 2004) that at the same time enable and constraint him. The concept shows how resources can be combined together to produce different outcomes and behaviors. Resources of in
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