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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-08-01编辑:felicia点击率:17134
论文字数:8677论文编号:org201407281357193486语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
关键词:Plant Pollinator Interactions花卉色彩多样性澳大利亚floral colour diversity生物学
摘要:本文是一篇生物学留学论文。由于地质经历了漫长的发展阶段,澳大利亚大陆与其他大陆长期隔离,因此动植物物种有着显著的差别。在花卉色彩多样性的进化过程中,对这方面的研究极少。本文通过分析植物间花粉的传播,进一步分析澳大利亚花卉色彩的多样性。
My results also reveal that bees were able to habituate to flowers on the basis of colour (fig. 14). This result in similar to the study by Simonds and Plowright (2004), who found that bumblebees habituated to colour paper disks and patterns, with a reduction in the number of landings over time. In that particular study, it was suggested that ‘fatigue’ may have been responsible for bees habituating to colour disks. Another possibility is that bees were learning to habituate to the presence of unrewarding flower decoys through associative learning. Such a possibility is consistent with work carried out on the response of wasps that are exploited as pollinators by sexually deceptive orchids (Wong and Schiestl 2002; Wong, Salzmann et al. 2004). In those studies, it was found that males quickly learn the presence of unrewarding flowers and avoided flowers and locations where they had previously been deceived.
Intriguingly, I found an increase in the number of landings to a newly introduced flower if it was a colour that the bee innately preferred, thus countering the habituation effect towards unrewarding orchids. It seems reasonable, therefore, that the existence of multiple flower colours in C. carnea could have fitness consequences for the orchid by making it more difficult for their pollinators to associate a particular colour with non-rewarding flowers. In nature, the number of visits a reward less orchid receives by naive pollinators also depends on ecological factors such as flowering time along with availability of other rewarding plants. Further studies might therefore like to take such factors into account. It is also important to point out that this study only examined visual cues. In nature, pollinators may obtain and assess information about their environment from a variety of visual and olfactory cues (Kunze and Gumbert 2001).
The question of which cue has the greater influence on pollinator decisions warrants further investigation, and provides interesting avenues for future research with food-deceptive orchids. It is possible that group learning behaviour may have occurred in the habituation experiments. For example, previous studies have shown that insects can learn through transfer of social information (Worden and Papaj 2005; Leadbeater and Chittka 2007). It has been shown that bumblebee workers, for instance, can learn by observing others (Worden and Papaj 2005). However, it was not possible to control for group learning behaviour, as bees tested in isolation did not respond at all in pilot studies. To try and minimise the effects of group learning, however, bees were used only once and were removed after each trial so that each replicate was independent.
Furthermore, although I controlled for floral scent in my study by using glad wrap, it was not possible to control for floral shape. Bees, in this regard, can also have preferences based 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。