留学生国际经济法 [4]
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论文字数:3258论文编号:org201409161257028292语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:关贸总协定世贸组织国际经济法ECONOMIC LAW
摘要:这是一篇关于关于关贸总协定和世贸组织国际的国际经济法的留学生论文,尽管关贸总协定和世贸组织已经在促进公平的国际贸易方面努力了几十年,但还是有一些明显的例外。
loss for thousands and threat to the domestic market. In case of the LDC’s were more focused on the man made fibers than the natural one’s to favor the industrialized nations and to increase in the investment capital for the high level of technological know-how in order to produce large quantities of synthetics resulting in the comparative advantage would shift from the LDC’s back to the developed nations was one of the reasons lead to MFA.
Aim and objectives of MFA
The main aim of MFA was to promote the economic and social status of the developing countries and to secure a substantial increase in their export earning from textile production to make their share in the world trade. The preamble and Article 1 of the MFA sets out the purpose and objectives, the stated objectives of the MFA were to achieve the expansion of the textile trade, to avoid the trade barriers and to liberalization of the textile and apparels trade.
Stages of the MFA
1974-77: Multi Fiber Arrangement I (MFA 1)
In view of the inherent problems of developed countries the provisions were drafted to protect the interest of importing nations by allowing quota protection, with the mandate growth of 6% on the restrained products. I felt that this stage of MFA was not a move towards liberalization because of increased coverage of the woolen and man made fibers in the quota. Although the MFA showed more critical concern over developing countries, there existed flawed information flow to the member nations and to the TSB and it was observed that inefficient manufacture of the textile due to lack of capital and technology. Some member felt the rise of cumulative market disruption. Even MFA I admitting these loopholes the member countries felt that this was a significant advance in the textile trade policy with delicate frame work.
1978-81: multi fiber arrangement II (MFA II)
On 14th December prior to the expiry of the MFA I member countries concluded a protocol to extend the MFA I for further four years. As a result the MFA II was emerged on January 1st 1978 with the stating objective of reasonable departure clause. MFA II was more restrictive than MFA I as extraordinary terms were included. The “reasonable departure clause” allowed the importing countries to depart from particular elements of the agreement temporarily. Largest exporters were required to have their 1978 exports to the common market reduced below the 1976 level.8 The main objective of the reasonable departure clause was to achieve stabilization of imports in EC..
8kui wai li, Positive adjustment against protectionism, the case of textile and clothing industry in Hong Kong, The developing economies, xxix-3( sep 1993) p 200.
1982-86: Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA III)
In the year of 1981 contracting members re-negotiated for further extension of the MFA for third time and came enforced from 1982 January. Due to the quota frauds by the developing countries they concentrated and succeeded in further impose of the restrains on textiles imports during the period of MFA II. The MFA III dropped the “reasonable departure” clause and replaced it with “anti-surge clause” benefitting the importing countries to safe guard their domestic markets. Exporter’s flexibility in shifting their export composition was removed. Growth rate lower than 6%, was placed on highly sensitive prod
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