摘要:本文将分析与贸易有关的知识产权协定(TRIPS),介绍该协议的主要特点和显着的变化,它给世界贸易组织成员的知识产权提出保护政策,特别注重签署国的成本和收益。
; the value of an innovation under TRIPs agreement in fact is supposed to be greater since the hazard of imitation in all WTO’s countries is reduced, and in all of them patents are now granted in almost all the industries (including pharmaceutical, chemical...).
There are also some factors which reduce the value of an innovation due to the increase in R&D efforts, which are the increase in the steady-state rate of obsolescence and the higher cost of research due to the expected increase in researchers wages.
In the model the long-run effects are estimated through the increase in the level of income for each country, which reflect the increase in the quality of inputs (level of technology) due to the higher R&D efforts made.
Even if TRIPs incentives are supposed to increase the technology level of all the countries, the existing differences, among the resources each country can devote to R&D and among the different ability to absorb foreign invention, suggest that the implications of the agreement will be different from country to country in the long run and that the benefits won’t be evenly distributed among them.
The level of income is determinate by the benefits due to increase in R&D efforts and also to the ability of each country to appropriate net rents from abroad.
Table 4 - Long-run estimates of TRIPs , from McCalman(2005)As we can see in the first column of table 4 all the value are positive, which means that all the countries in the long run are supposed to have enough income to offset the losses they had in the short run. That is in the long run the TRIPs agreement seems to be beneficial for all the members of WTO.
Anyway this optimistic results still depends on how each country will be able to handle the short-run problems and cost arising from the implementation of TRIPs agreement.
Furthermore is important to remind that these results are based only on one set of parameters estimates. This is the reason why McCalman in the second and third columns show the results of another simulation he made based on the perturbation of the parameters value, in order to consider the standard error effect on the estimates previously made. This simulation gave an important result, since the lover bound of confidence interval for India is negative; this means that maybe India won’t be able even in the future to compensate the short-run losses with the long-run incomes.
ANALYSIS CONCLUSION
The analysis made on short and long-run effects of TRIPs agreement confirm the idea that the benefits generated by a stronger patent system won’t be evenly distributed among the members of WTO, with the developing countries facing difficulties to earn back the initial investment they will have to sustain to adequate to TRIPs minimum standard of IPRs protection.
CONCLUSIONS
Ideas and knowledge are nowadays an increasingly important part of trade. This is the reason why we believe that the TRIPs agreement, favoring the harmonization of IPRs protection standards, is a fundamental incentive both to the production and diffusion of new technology and to all the trade among the members of the WTO.
However the costs of the implementation of this agreement, especially for developing countries can’t be ignored. Even if different transition periods had been granted to WTO’s me
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