与贸易有关的知识产权Economics Essay [3]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-13编辑:yangcheng点击率:8126
论文字数:论文编号:org201409122245101897语种:英语 English地区:爱尔兰价格:免费论文
关键词:知识产权协定Intellectual Property RightsEconomics Essay国际经济关系保护政策
摘要:本文将分析与贸易有关的知识产权协定(TRIPS),介绍该协议的主要特点和显着的变化,它给世界贸易组织成员的知识产权提出保护政策,特别注重签署国的成本和收益。
in India.
The Indian Patent Act was modeled to promote the industrial process development and to achieve a fair balance between private and public interests; it was implemented from 20th April 1972 and this legislation made pharmaceuticals product innovations unpatentable in India(The Patents Act, 1970): in this way innovations patented elsewhere could be freely copied and marketed into the indian market. After implementation of TRIPS in mid-1990s IPRs protection was extended also in India to pharmaceutical industry products, forcing the Indian companies present in this sector to start to invest in R&D to develop product in their own, since they didn’t have the possibility anymore to copy foreign drugs.
However Chaudhuri (2007) observed that the eleven most important Indian companies together spent in R&D about the 5% of Pfizer alone, and also that Indians firms doesn't have the skills for a start-to-finish process, since till ten years ago they never made great investment in the R&D sector. The loss for India due to TRIPs implementation has been assessed by Subramanian (1995), which estimated the welfare losses between US $ 2.4 billion and US $ 8.9 billion and an higher price of 67% for indians following patents products.
India is only one of the many developing countries which have to suffer in the short-run in order to implement TRIPs agreement; hence, in order to understand if this agreement will be beneficial to all the members of WTO it’s important to understand if the long-run gains these countries will experience will be large enough to balance the negative transfer of income due to patent reform.
TRIPs AGREEMENT, AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS IMPLICATIONS
In order to better understand the effect of the implementation of TRIPs on the economy of the Countries which subscribed the agreement we analyzed an empirical analysis made by McCalman (2005).
In his studies McCalman analyzed the effects that TRIPs agreement had on the WTO’s members. Through the use of a model he was able to estimate both the short-run and long-run implications for 27 different countries that subscribed the agreement, among which were included both developed and developing countries.
MODEL DESCRIPTION
The model used by McCalman in his work is based on the one developed by Eaton and Kortum (1996). This is a multi-country model of (semi) endogenous growth; it helps to show the relation existent among a country income and innovations (which can be domestic or foreign), and to relate the innovation to patenting behavior.
The model is based on two different equation: the bilateral patenting and the labor productivity equations. The labor productivity equation suggest a proportional relationship between the labor productivity and the level of technology of a country. In the model in fact the outputs of a country change if the quality of inputs improve (that is, if the level of technology improve); and these improvements comes from the innovations (domestic or foreign) adopted by the country. The proportionality factor that binds productivity and technology level depends on different parameters, like the obsolescence and imitation rate of the countries.
The bilateral patenting equation express the idea that the decision to seek or not a patent is supposed to be taken by the inventor of the innovation, who wa
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