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t . Y ou will note that the outstanding amount is à 9. 098. 00. I f y ouhave settled this account since receiving our most recent statement , please ignore this reminder and accept my apologies for troubling y ou further inthis matter. I f , however , y ou have not yet settled this account , we would appreciate i f y ou would now do s o at y our earliest convenience for it hasbeen outstanding for a considerable time. We therefore look forward to hearing from y ou in the near future. .[9] (PP. 14 - 144)作者用According to our records这个间接缓和模糊限制语来缓和对方未付款的事实。何自然认为说话人使用间接缓和模糊限制语作为话语陈述的依据时 ,应该说他是不同程度地同意这个依据的 ,这样可使话语更具客观性。 [1]很显然 ,作者认同对方未付款的事实 ,但表达得非常礼貌得体。此外 ,in the near future的使用也可以给对方一个回旋余地 ,尽管从此信函中不难得知写信人十分希望对方立即结帐。可惜 ,在发出第三封信后 ,对方仍然保持沉默。纵然如此 ,作者在写第四封信的时候依然用了一些含糊词语来表示礼貌。信函内容具体如下:     (3)On 1st March this year we wrote to y ou drawing y our attention to what appeared to be an unpaid account amounting to à 8. 098. 00 for elec2tronic equipment supplied to y ou between 10th December last year and 20th January this year. Statements of account had previously been sent to y ouon 28th December last year and 28th January this year , but we have not heard from y ou in reply. I now enclose a further copy of y our statement fory our easy reference.We are surprised not to have heard any reply from y ou on this matter , but i f y ou wish to query any datails in the statement , we will be happyto discuss these with y ou. However , i f the statement is in order , we will expect to receive y our check in full settlement without further de2lay.[9] (PP. 14 - 144)作者依然用what appeared to be来提醒对方付款。至此 ,收信人仍然觉得发信人并没有把他看成是有意不付款的一位商业道德败坏的商人。当然 ,从写信人使用 We are surprised not to的表达 ,对方应能推知对方含蓄表达的不满。语用含糊用于实施礼貌策略还体现在处理和回复客户的投诉函上。在处理投诉函时 ,作者一定要采取间接而委婉的语调 ,为客户着想 ,尽量减少他的损失。为此 ,作者必须恰到好处地运用语用含糊来体现作者的这种心怀客户的立场和态度。上述分析表明 ,恰当地使用语用含糊能充分体现礼貌 ,体现从对方的角度去看待和处理商务并尽量满足对方需要的精神实质。这样做 ,便于建立客户之间的诚信机制。
     2.语用含糊可以用来实施自我保护策略。语用含糊的使用还起着自我保护的作用。在商务活动中 ,由于情事变更 ,或者其它不为作者所知的原因 ,发信人不能按客户的要求给出准确的答复。这时候 ,信函的作者最好使用含糊语以免回答错误而影响公司现象 ,或免于涉讼。另外 ,如果客户要求自己承担某种责任 ,或自己提供的信息会给其他客户造成某种程度上的负面影响甚至产生直接经济损失 ,这时候使用语用含糊是一种很好的自我保护手段。Leech认为语用模糊 ,即谈话话语的不确定性 ,可使话语的言外之力变得不明确 ,进而可以满足交际双方的共同利益。说话人让听话人对其话语的意图有两种或两种以上的解释的目的是为了让听话人为其承担有该话语引起的后果的一部分责任 ,使自己处于进退自如的主动地位。 [10] (PP. 23 - 24)诚如 Channell 所言 ,使用含糊可以保护自己避免将来犯错。 [11] (P. 188)公司在开信用证之前要求对方给出证明人以便向他了解客户的资信情况 ,该证明人的回函往往非常难写。因为如果他根据以往的交易情况认为发信人能和他的客户做生意 ,但是最后发信人和该客户之间的交易并不成功并因此遭受巨大损失。那么 ,发信人可能将这一损失归咎于该证明人提供的错误信息。另一方面如果该客户信用不好 ,该证明人就不能非常直接地将该信息透露给发信人 ,并建议不要和该客户做生意。这样一来 ,该客户便会要求他承担法律责任。下面是一封这样的回函。(4) in reply to y our letter of 28 October , we would say that we have transacted business with the firm in question since March 1985.During the last twelve months we have received eight orders , none of which exceeded à 4 ,8000. Origianally the firm paid on inv oice but forthe last two years we have accepted payments on statement . All accounts have been settled promptly. We have no reas on for thinking that this firmis conducting its business unsatis factorily or is not acting in g ood faith in asking for credit from y ou. We must add , however , that the large amountof credit requested surprises us and would seem to be excessive in relation to the apparent size of the business.Y ou will of course treat this letter as strictly con fidential .[8] (PP. 166 - 170)本封信中为保护自己将被调查的客户的名字都省略了仅仅用 “the firm” 含糊指代。这里所使用的语用含糊就是肯普森所说的指称含糊(referential vagueness) 。其动机是避免第三方的不满。在 We must add…the apparent size of the business句中 ,作者用 sur2p本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。