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/> The importance of the effectiveness of the decision making is highly emphasized in the modern business society. To make a decision in a company, there is a rational model, which is called normative method by Nutt (1984). There are five stages in this normative method to make a decision, namely the formulation, concept development, detailing, implementation and evaluation. .
The formulation is the stage to define and identify the issues. Any type of the decision makers can be the one to find out the issues and present them to the related individual or department. Then the next stage is the form concept. In this stage, as much as possible information is gathered to analyze the problems and identify all the possible solutions. Then in the detailing stage, the decision maker (usually the manager) organized a team or group. The group members exchange all the information and ideas to select the best possible alternative to solve the issue, with the consideration of both benefits and risks. Then the chosen solution is delivered to the related employee and put into practice, followed by the evaluation stage. The evaluation is fed back, usually from bottom up, and discussed again to form the improvement for the solution.
Even though the normative method of decision making provide a complete routine to follow for the company, it is not an ideal model. Other researchers question it with the reality into consideration. It is an optimizing model to seek the single solution for the organizational problem (Simon, 1960). However, in real corporation operation, decision making is actually ongoing process. In that way, some alternative models are proposed, for example, the intuitive model by Simon.
No matter what model the decision making applied, there is always an important factor in every stage, communication. The communication is the backbone to achieve effective decisions. In other words, the communication of information is the precondition to guarantee the effectiveness of decisions, which leads us to the discussion on the communication for next part.
Information Communication
Communication Process
A complete process of communication includes five steps from the origin of the transmission of the information to the end (Shannon & Weaver, 1949), which can be represented by the figure below.
Figure 1: Communication Process
Origin of the information
The communication process starts from the origin of the information, which can be an individual or an institution. The holder of information forms some ideas or opinions to express. The ideas and opinions can be quite diverse even based on the same information, according to the difference on the senders’ culture background, ethics, education, qualification and etc.
Representation
After the formation of ideas, the sender converts the ideas into some certain way of representation of information. The message can be converted by the way of verbal communication or nonverbal communication, as mentioned above. In some cases, the combination of different communication methods is applied for the message transmission. For example, people talk along with the gesture helping expression.
Medium
Medium is the channel that the message is transmitted through. The most traditional method for information transmission is the verbal communication本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。