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tor is not a single phenomenon and part of the difficulty with understanding its role and dealing with its impact arises from the complexity of such a large class (Anne-Marie Feyer et al., 1997)

Human behaviour is unpredictable and hence human errors may occur which will often cause road crashes. Human errors are active errors for road traffic accidents and these errors come in diverse form. Road user error can be affected by the physical and mental ability to assess road conditions and respond quickly. Studies carried out by the Department for Transport in the United Kingdom have established some common conditions that impair this judgment, these include fatigue, poor eyesight, old age, with some jurisdictions requiring driver retesting for reaction speed and eyesight after a certain age, excessive alcohol and drug use - including some prescription and illegal drugs.

Capacity limitation can also be a cause of traffic accident; this may be reduced visibility at night and bad weather.

Motivational limitations can also account for the occurrence of human errors. Drivers regard satisfying their personal interests such as arriving on time, joy derived from over speeding, ignorance of traffic rules and regulations, and reluctance to use safety devices such as safety belts and crash helmets.

On the contrary to old age as impairment, young and inexperienced drivers are more likely to be in an accident as a result of inexperience combined with over-confidence, a desire to show off, peer pressure, and incomplete neurological development (Williamson, 2005).

2.2.2 Vehicle Errors

Vehicles themselves also trigger road traffic accidents. Defective brakes, defective tyres or wheels, defective steering, unattended vehicle running away, insecure roads, inadequate rear and front lights, overloading of public service vehicles and trucks, and poor crash worthiness design are the common causes. A well-designed and well-maintained vehicle, with good tires, braking system and well-adjusted suspension will be more controllable in an emergency and thus be better capable of avoiding collisions. Some compulsoryvehicle inspectionschemes include tests for some aspects of road worthiness of vehicles, such as the UK'sMOT test. 

The design of vehicles has also evolved to improve safety after collision, both for vehicle occupants and for those outside of the vehicle. In the early 1970sBritish Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd started an rigorous programme of vehicle safety research, producing a number of prototypeexperimental safety vehiclesdemonstrating a variety of innovations for occupant and pedestrian safety such as:anti-lock brakes, air bags, impact-absorbing side-panels, front and rear head restraints, run-flat tyres, smooth and deformable front-ends, impact-absorbing bumpers, and retractable front lights (Adams, 2008).Design has also been subjective by government legislation, such as theEuro NCAPimpact test.

2.2.3 Road and Environment factors

Road and environmental deficiencies account on their own for only 2% of all accidents but in combination with road user errors accounts for slightly less than 2本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。