摘要:这篇文章主要阐述小额信贷对坦桑尼亚中小型企业(SMEs)发展的影响。从普瑞德坦桑尼亚有限公司和Akiba商业银行的个案分析来说明小额信贷的发展状况、取得成就以及存在不足。
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Micro enterprise
1 - 4
Up to 5 mil.
Small enterprise
5 - 49
Above 5 mil. to 200 mil.
Medium enterprise
50 - 99
Above 200mil.to 800 mil.
Large enterprise
100 +
Above 800 mil.
SME growth means increase in size or improvement of the business development process.Various indicators both qualitative and quantitative are used to measure SME growth. They include;
- Outcome indicators-profit
- Output indicators-e.g sales volume, number of employee etc
- Capacity based indicator-value of assets,capital invested
- Qualitative indicators-structure,management practice,degree of formalization etc.
Therefore the measure of SME growth as result of microfinancing is done using above indictors as outlined in assessment below. However the objective of this essay is to explore on whether microfinancing to SMEs will contribute to growth for them.
坦桑尼亚小微企业小额信贷发展——Microfinancing SMEs in Tanzania:
It is a common understanding that SMEs in Tanzania are being, to some extent, excluded from the targeted clientele of both the formal and semi-formal sectors (e.g. Ahmed, 1999; Meagher, 1998). However, this is not a unique phenomenon particular to Tanzania. A large survey in 80 countries by Schiffer and Weder (2001) revealed that financing is the foremost obstacle for SMEs growth followed by taxes, regulation and inflation. Various factors are considered to be the hindrace for SMEs to be financed. They include lack of access to banking services due to unavailabity of identity document,birth certificates,proof of residence,education and distance and lack of transport infrastructure. Also there is lack of access to credit due to lack of collateral,education and lack of transaction
history. Among the factors the major one is the lack of innovation by bankers and regulators.
Most SME ventures in Tanzania depend on personal savings, family or other informal credit sources. A few of the more established MFIs (Microfinance Institutions e.g SACCOS) are scaling up to tap this market. The main microfinance institutions can be categorized as non governmental organizations (NGOs), Cooperative based institutions namely SACCOS and SACCAs while the third category is banks. The major players in the NGOs category include PRIDE Tanzania, FINCA (Tanzania), Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) and Presidential Trust for Self-Reliance (PTF). Others, which are relatively smaller in size, include Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO), YOSEFO, SELFINA, Tanzania Gatsby Trust, Poverty Africa and the Zanzibar based Women Development Trust Fund and Mfuko. There rest consists of very tiny programmes scattered throughout the country mainly in the form of community based organizations (CBOs). Banks that are actively involved in microfinance services delivery include the National Microfinance Bank (NMB), CRDB bank, Akiba Commercial Bank (ACB) and a few Community/regional banks namely, Dar es Salaam Community Bank, Mwanga Community Bank, Mufindi Community bank, Kilimanjaro Cooperative Bank, Mbinga Community Bank and Kagera Cooperative Ban.
It is estimated that all the MFIs in Tanzania put together serve a combined client population o
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