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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:报告 Report登出时间:2015-07-10编辑:felicia点击率:23661
论文字数:10025论文编号:org201505262344323986语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
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摘要:这是一篇有关马其顿国家银行实习经历report,详细阐述了作者自马其顿银行实习收获。
The Oil Industry
The petroleum sector in Macedonia consists of a refinery in Skopje (OKTA), a petroleum pipeline from the Greek border to the refinery, and a distribution system for petroleum products including terminals and service stations
The country's domestic demand for petroleum products is relatively stable at around 700,000-900,000 tons per year. The main products are gasoline (about 20 percent of consumption), diesel fuel (about 40 percent of consumption) and heavy fuel oil (about 30 percent of consumption). In addition there are miscellaneous products (LPG, jet fuel, lubricants) which account for the remaining (approximately) 10 percent of consumption.
Most of the petroleum products are produced by the OKTA Refinery, including the bulk of the gasoline and diesel and almost all of the heavy fuel oil. The OKTA Refinery is owned by the Greek firm Hellenic Petroleum, following privatization in 1999. Built between 1978 and 1982 using primarily Russian equipment, the refinery is small, and – lacking sophisticated equipment – adds little value.
The refinery is supplied with crude oil through a pipeline jointly owned by Hellenic Petroleum (80 percent) and GOM (20 percent). Built by Hellenic, and completed in 2002, the pipeline has capacity of 2.5 million tons per year (i.e. more than adequate to meet domestic demand and for exports to other countries in the region [e.g southern Kosovo]), and connects the refinery to Hellenic's terminal in Thessaloniki. It is the least cost means of supplying crude oil to the refinery (although pipeline access charges are high for the period 2002-07 to finance construction).
Notwithstanding the pipeline economics, the refinery is currently fundamentally uneconomic when compared to the alternative of importing petroleum products to Macedonia. Indeed, it only survives due to the presence of tariffs on imported petroleum products; the tariff for imported products is 20 percent, compared to the tariff for imported crude oil of 1 percent. This tariff regime may be seen as a tax, undermining competitiveness of the Macedonian economy, and thus is key from the point of view of Macedonian economic policy.
Based on the above, this paper recommends that the GOM undertakes a study of future options for the OKTA Refinery. Such a study would assess the costs (relatively high priced petroleum products) and benefits (largely employment related) associated with continued operation of the refinery. It would propose measures to support improved operation of the refine本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。